Sensors 2012, 12(5), 5650-5669; doi:10.3390/s120505650
Review

Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays

David Day-Uei Li 1,* email, Simon Ameer-Beg 2 email, Jochen Arlt 3 email, David Tyndall 4 email, Richard Walker 4 email, Daniel R. Matthews 5 email, Viput Visitkul 2 email, Justin Richardson 4 email and Robert K. Henderson 4 email
1 Department of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK 2 Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK 3 SUPA, COSMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland, UK 4 Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK 5 Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 24 March 2012; in revised form: 18 April 2012 / Accepted: 26 April 2012 / Published: 2 May 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing at the Nano-Scale: Chemical and Bio-Sensing)
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Abstract: We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 μm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.
Keywords: fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; FLIM; CMOS; single-photon avalanche diode; single-decay; multi-decay; time-domain FLIM; lifetime based sensing

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, D.-U.; Ameer-Beg, S.; Arlt, J.; Tyndall, D.; Walker, R.; Matthews, D.R.; Visitkul, V.; Richardson, J.; Henderson, R.K. Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays. Sensors 2012, 12, 5650-5669.

AMA Style

Li D-U, Ameer-Beg S, Arlt J, Tyndall D, Walker R, Matthews DR, Visitkul V, Richardson J, Henderson RK. Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays. Sensors. 2012; 12(5):5650-5669.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, David Day-Uei; Ameer-Beg, Simon; Arlt, Jochen; Tyndall, David; Walker, Richard; Matthews, Daniel R.; Visitkul, Viput; Richardson, Justin; Henderson, Robert K. 2012. "Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays." Sensors 12, no. 5: 5650-5669.

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