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Sensors 2010, 10(4), 2638-2674; doi:10.3390/s100402638
Review
Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials
Laura Valero Conzuelo 1,2 
, Joaquín Arias-Pardilla 1 , Juan V. Cauich-Rodríguez 2 , Mascha Afra Smit 2 and Toribio Fernández Otero 1,*
, Joaquín Arias-Pardilla 1 , Juan V. Cauich-Rodríguez 2 , Mascha Afra Smit 2 and Toribio Fernández Otero 1,*
1
Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, ETSII, E- 30203, Cartagena, Spain
2
Materials Department, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), C.P. 97200 Mérida, Mexico
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 22 January 2010; in revised form: 17 February 2010 / Accepted: 2 March 2010 / Published: 25 March 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Actuators)
Download PDF Full-Text [1098 KB, uploaded 25 March 2010 16:12 CET]
Abstract: Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires.
Keywords: conducting polymers; reactive materials; sensors; actuators; artificial muscles; tactile muscles; sensing actuators
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MDPI and ACS Style
Conzuelo, L.V.; Arias-Pardilla, J.; Cauich-Rodríguez, J.V.; Smit, M.A.; Otero, T.F. Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials. Sensors 2010, 10, 2638-2674.
AMA StyleConzuelo LV, Arias-Pardilla J, Cauich-Rodríguez JV, Smit MA, Otero TF. Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials. Sensors. 2010; 10(4):2638-2674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConzuelo, Laura Valero; Arias-Pardilla, Joaquín; Cauich-Rodríguez, Juan V.; Smit, Mascha Afra; Otero, Toribio Fernández. 2010. "Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials." Sensors 10, no. 4: 2638-2674.