The Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Molecular Structure of Proanthocyanidins and Their Effects on Legume Forage Protein Precipitation, Digestion and Absorption in the Ruminant Digestive Tract
Abstract
:1. General Introduction
2. Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Structure
3. Occurrence of Proanthocyanidin in Temperate/Prairie Forages
4. Proanthocyanidin Release from the Plant
5. Protein Precipitating Capacity as Affected by Proanthocyanidin Characteristics
6. Protein Precipitating Capacity of Proanthocyanidins as Affected by Protein Characteristics
7. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Rumen Microbes and Ammonia Formation
8. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Intestinal Amino Acid Absorption
9. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Intestinal Parasites
10. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Pasture Bloat
11. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Enteric Methane Emissions
12. Absorption of Proanthocyandin and Health Benefits
13. Effect of Proanthocyanidin on Animal Performance and Animal Product Quality
14. Summary
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Legume Species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sainfoin | Birdsfoot Trefoil | Big Trefoil | Sulla | Alfalfa | White Clover | Red Clover | |
Forage | |||||||
Proanthocyanidin (g/kg DM) 1 | |||||||
Extractable | 44 | 7–36 | 61 | 35–84 | 0 | ND | 0.4 |
Protein-bound | 38 | 9–13 | 14 | 9–31 | 0.5 | ND | 0.6 |
Fibre-bound | 5 | 2–3 | 1 | 2–20 | 0 | ND | 0.7 |
Total | 87 | 21–47 | 77 | 55–84 | 0.5 | 6–12 | 1.7 |
Forage | Seed | Flower | |||||
MW (DA) 2 | 2.0–5.1 | 1.8–4.4 | 2.2–3.9 | - | 3.6 | - | - |
mDP 3 | 4–12 | 6–14 | 8–44 | 3–46 | 5–7 | 10 | 9 |
Main polymer 3 | Pdelph | Pcyanid | Pdelph | Pdelph | Pcyanid | Pdelph | Pcyanid |
PD (%) 3 | 36–93 | 40–66 | 80–84 | 73–89 | - | - | - |
Cis (%) 3 | 47–88 | 84–85 | 76–88 | 69–84 | - | - | - |
Extender unit (%) 3 | |||||||
Catechin | 0 | 3–4 | 2–4 | 1–8 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Epicatechin | 11–27 | 27–67 | 13–19 | 9–18 | 92 | 0 | 81 |
Gallocatechin | 7–19 | 5–7 | 6–16 | 14–23 | 0 | 39 | 6 |
Epigallocatechin | 61–74 | 30–62 | 46–72 | 53–75 | 0 | 56 | 7 |
Terminal unit (%) 3 | |||||||
Catechin | 8–23 | 61–82 | 46–51 | 24–32 | 92 | 0 | 95 |
Epicatechin | 22–47 | 16–21 | 13–20 | 0–6 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Gallocatechin | 18–40 | 2–17 | 20–16 | 50–66 | 0 | 48 | 0 |
Epigallocatechin | 14–35 | 2–4 | 10–14 | 7–22 | 0 | 52 | 0 |
PCC (µg/mg) 4 | |||||||
Alfalfa Rubisco | 50 | 80 | 72 | ND | 108 | ND | ND |
Bovine serum albumin | 269 | 436 | 323 | ND | 348 | ND | ND |
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Jonker, A.; Yu, P. The Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Molecular Structure of Proanthocyanidins and Their Effects on Legume Forage Protein Precipitation, Digestion and Absorption in the Ruminant Digestive Tract. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051105
Jonker A, Yu P. The Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Molecular Structure of Proanthocyanidins and Their Effects on Legume Forage Protein Precipitation, Digestion and Absorption in the Ruminant Digestive Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(5):1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051105
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonker, Arjan, and Peiqiang Yu. 2017. "The Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Molecular Structure of Proanthocyanidins and Their Effects on Legume Forage Protein Precipitation, Digestion and Absorption in the Ruminant Digestive Tract" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 5: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051105