Next Article in Journal
Porous Polyimide Membranes Prepared by Wet Phase Inversion for Use in Low Dielectric Applications
Next Article in Special Issue
Oxidative and Molecular Responses in Capsicum annuum L. after Hydrogen Peroxide, Salicylic Acid and Chitosan Foliar Applications
Previous Article in Journal
Melatonin: Buffering the Immune System
Previous Article in Special Issue
Identifying Differentially Expressed Genes in Pollen from Self-Incompatible “Wuzishatangju” and Self-Compatible “Shatangju” Mandarins
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Characterization, Purification of Poncirin from Edible Citrus Ougan (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima) and Its Growth Inhibitory Effect on Human Gastric Cancer Cells SGC-7901

1
Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
2
The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
3
Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
4
Forestry Bureau of Ouhai, Wenzhou 325000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(5), 8684-8697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14058684
Submission received: 20 January 2013 / Revised: 2 April 2013 / Accepted: 17 April 2013 / Published: 24 April 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Plant Secondary Metabolism)

Abstract

:
Poncirin is a bitter flavanone glycoside with various biological activities. Poncirin was isolated from four different tissues (flavedo, albedo, segment membrane, and juice sac) of Ougan fruit (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima). The highest content of poncirin was found in the albedo of Ougan fruit (1.37 mg/g DW). High speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) combined with D101 resin chromatography was utilized for the separation and purification of poncirin from the albedo of Ougan fruit. After this two-step purification, poncirin purity increased from 0.14% to 96.56%. The chemical structure of the purified poncirin was identified by both HPLC-PDA and LC-MS. Poncirin showed a significant in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of the human gastric cancer cells, SGC-7901, in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, poncirin from Ougan fruit, may be beneficial for gastric cancer prevention. The purification method demonstrated here will be useful for further studies on the pharmacological mechanism of poncirin activity, as well as for guiding the consumption of Ougan fruit.

1. Introduction

Epidemiological studies indicate that fruit and vegetable consumption may prevent many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease [1]. Fruits and vegetables contain large amounts of phenolic compounds and other active components, some of which show strong antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity [2]. For example, onion fruit contains abundant phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and anthocyanins [3] and red berry Vitis vinifera is rich in flavonoid compounds including anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols [4]. In citrus fruits, a high content of flavonoids were found in flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac; the flavonoid content and components varied with fruit varieties and tissues [57]; and these compounds showed high bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and hypoglycemic activity.
Poncirin, the 7-O-neohesperidoside of isosakuranetin (Figure 1), is a flavanone glycoside with bitter taste. Pharmacological studies and clinical practices demonstrated that poncirin and its metabolites have multiple activities, such as anti-inflammatory properties [8], protective effects on potential gastric disease [9], defense against bacterial or viral infections and stresses [10], and promotion of osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells [11].
Ougan (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima), also well known as Kugan, is the main mandarin cultivar local to Zhejiang province. Traditionally, Ougan fruit was listed as the royal tribute that lasted for centuries from the Song to the Qing Dynasty, and its high therapeutic effects had been recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica and other herbal medicine references. Meanwhile, epidemiological and animal studies have also shown the close correlation between biological activities and the functional compounds of Citrus fruits [12]. Ougan fruit has been shown to have a wide variety of activities, such as anticarcinogenic activity, detoxification, and fever reducing [13].
Separation method by macroporous resins has been widely used in the separation and enrichment of bioactive compounds from many natural products for its simple procedure, high efficiency, low-cost, minor pollution and easy regeneration [1417]. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) is a support free liquid-liquid partition chromatography technique, which eliminates irreversible adsorption of samples onto a solid support matrix. HSCCC can yield a highly efficient separation of samples in several hours, so this method has been widely applied to the separation and purification of different kinds of natural products [1820].
Gastric cancer, also called stomach cancer, is one of the diseases that have the highest mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in Asia; it is the third most frequent cause of cancer death in China today. Thus, it would be significant to find potential anticancer dietary factors or antineoplastic drugs with potent therapeutic effects on gastric cancer. So far, poncirin has been reported to be possibly useful for treatment or protection of gastritis [9]. Crude extracts containing poncirin had inhibitory activity on human gastric cancer AGS cells [21]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the studies on the distribution of poncirin had only been seen in Poncirus trifoliate and Citrus aurantium [21,22]. Beyond that, few studies have focused on the distribution, bioactivity and purification analysis of poncirin in other fruit, especially in Ougan.
The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of poncirin in different tissues of Ougan fruit, and to purify poncirin by a combination of macroporous resin column chromatography with HSCCC. In addition, the inhibitory effect of purified poncirin on the growth of gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells was also investigated for its potential function in gastric cancer prevention.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Content of the Poncirin in Four Tissues of Ougan

While few studies have examined the content of poncirin in Citrus fruits, a recent study demonstrated that the poncirin content in Citrus aurantium was 108.6 mg/kg [21]. In the present study, Ougan fruit was dissected into four different tissues, namely flavedo, albedo, segment membrane, and juice sac, and the poncirin content in the four parts was analyzed. HPLC results suggested that there was a significant difference in poncirin content among the four different tissues of Ougan fruit (Table 1). The highest content of poncirin was detected in the albedo of Ougan fruit, followed by segment membrane, flavedo, and juice sac. Based on these results, the poncirin content in the albedo of nine other edible cultivars was also characterized (data not shown). Among the cultivars tested, Ougan albedo contained the highest poncirin, therefore, it was chosen as the original material for poncirin purification.

2.2. Purification of Poncirin from Albedo of Ougan

In order to conduct an intensive study of poncirin, we took advantage of the high quality of poncirin found in Ougan fruit. We developed a simple and efficient method for the preparative isolation of poncirin from Ougan albedo, using a method that combined D101 macroporous resin column chromatography with HSCCC.
The dynamic leakage curves on D101 resin were obtained for poncirin based on the volume of effluent and the original concentration of sample solution. As shown in Figure 2A, poncirin in solution was tightly absorbed by the macroporous resin before 500 mL. Then the concentration of poncirin in leak solution increased rapidly. In general, adsorption presumably reached saturation, when the concentration in effluent was 10% of the original concentration [23]. Therefore, 800 mL sample solution at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL was selected as the feed volume on D101 resin for dynamic adsorption experiments in the present study (Figure 2A).
Dynamic desorption was carried out with gradient and isocratic elution modes at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, respectively. After loading 800 mL sample solution to the D101 resin column, gradient elution of poncirin was carried out by 3 BV (base volume) of each of different ethanol concentration (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). The desorption ability of different solution changed together with the increased ethanol concentration and reached a maximum when the ethanol concentration was about 40% (Figure 2B). The majority of compounds absorbed by D101 resin were eluted by 10%–80% ethanol solutions (Figure 2B, Table 2). However, with the increase of ethanol concentration, the purity of poncirin decreased as more impurities with less polarity were desorbed. Considering both the purity and recovery of poncirin, 10% ethanol (16 BV) was selected to wash impurities and 60% ethanol (10 BV) was selected to elute target compound in isocratic elution experiments (Figure 2C). Under the optimized condition, all the effluent of 60% ethanol was collected and concentrated to dryness, which was used for further HSCCC purification.
A successful separation by HSCCC depends largely on the selection of a suitable two-phase solvent system, which provides an ideal partition coefficient (K, 0.5–2) for the targeted compound(s) [24,25]. As Ougan contains rich varieties of flavonoids, their separation is not an easy task. In this experiment, several kinds of solvent systems were tested, and the K-values for poncirin in these solvent systems were measured and summarized in Table 3. Among them, the two-phase solvent system, including ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (4:0.5:5, v/v/v), ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (5:1:5, v/v/v) had large K-values that tend to produce excessive sample band broadening when used for HSCCC separation. Likewise, chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water (4:3:0.5:3, v/v/v/v) and n-hexane–n-butanol–water (1:1:2, v/v/v) that had small K-values resulted in poor peak resolution. Thus, these solvent systems were not suitable for the separation of poncirin from the resin-refined crude extract. At last, solvent systems of chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water (4:3:0.5:2, v/v/v/v) resulted in ideal K-values and was chosen as the optimized HSCCC solvent system for poncirin purification.
The influence of the flow rate of the mobile phase and the revolution speed of the separation column was also investigated. In our preliminary experiment, different flow rate (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mL/min) of the mobile phase and different revolution speed (650, 750, 850, 950 rpm) of the selected system were examined. The result indicated that high flow rate of 3.0 mL/min was unfavorable to separate the target compound well. Low flow rate of 1.0 mL/min could produce a good separation, while it prolonged the separation time and extended the chromatogram peak. Though the high revolution speed of 950 rpm can increase the retention of the stationary phase, it also broadened the chromatogram peak and could not produce a good separation. Likewise, the use of a lower speed (650, 750 rpm) would lead to a lower peak resolution as it decreased the retention of the stationary phase. Considering these aspects, a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and a revolution speed of 850 rpm were selected for poncirin purification in this study. Under the optimized conditions, the separation resulted in the collection of fraction I (tube # 8-27) to obtain pure poncirin (Figure 3).
The effect of the two-step purification was shown in Figure 4, and the purities and recoveries of poncirin in different procedures were summarized in Table 4. The purity of poncirin in the crude extract of Ougan albedo was as low as 0.14%. After one-step of D101 resin purification, the purity increased to 5.30%, which was 37.86-fold that of the crude extract. The poncirin recovery was 71.55% (Table 3). In addition, HSCCC purification produced 2.1 mg poncirin with 96.56% purity (Figure 4C) and the recovery rate was 63.77% from a 60 mg sample (Table 4). The structure of the isolated poncirin was further identified according to its UV and MS data. UV data obtained from HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the purified poncirin had the same retention time with that of the authentic standard (20.7 min), as well as the same maximum absorption peaks. Further structure identification of the purified poncirin was confirmed by LC-MS. The [M-H] ion at m/z 593.6 that had high abundance was observed in the purified poncirin, suggesting the molecular weight of poncirin might be 594.6 (Figure 4D). Additionally, typical fragment ions at m/z 330.4, 437, and 617.6 were detected in LC-MS2 chromatogram (Figure 4E). Compared with the mass spectrogram of the authentic standard, we can confirm ulteriorly that the purified compound was poncirin.
Although conventional methods including silica gel column or centrifugal partition chromatography had previously been developed to separate poncirin from Poncirus trifoliate [22], our methods that combined macroporous resin column chromatography with HSCCC, turned out to be more suitable due to its comparative high efficiency and excellent sample recovery.

2.3. Inhibitory Activity of Purified Poncirin on the Growth of Gastric Cancer Cells

The gastric cell line SGC-7901 was used to test the effect of purified poncirin on cell proliferation. The result showed that purified poncirin could significantly inhibit the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, and that growth inhibition reached 57.3% at the concentration of 25 μg/mL (Figure 5). The toxicity of poncirin had been evaluated and no toxicity was shown at the tested concentration scale from 5 to 25 μg/mL. The protective effect of Poncirus trifoliate on potential gastric disease was previously analyzed with rat gastritis and human gastric cancer cell models; results showed the protective effect was associated with constituents such as noehesperidin and poncirin [9]. Also, flavonoids isolated from Citrus aurantium had anti-proliferation effects on human gastric cancer AGS cells with an IC50 value of 99 μg/mL [21]. Yijin-tang (Nichin-to in Japanese and Er-chen-tang in Chinese), an oriental herbal formula, is composed of five different herbs, including Citrus unshiu, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Pinellia ternate, Poria cocos, and Zingiber officinale. It can protect gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced acute gastric injury via increasing the antioxidant status with 1.5 × 10−4 mg/g poncirin [26]. Thus, poncirin had the potential to be used as preventive agents against human gastric cancer, and further studies are needed to explain the mechanism.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Chemical and Reagents

Poncirin standard was purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, California, CA, USA). D101 macroporous resin was bought from Bohong Resin Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Acetonitrile and methanol of chromatographic grade, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Culture medium RPMI 1640 and fetal calf serum were purchased from Gibco (Invitrogen, China). All solvents used for extraction and HSCCC were of analytical grade and purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Double-distilled water (ddH2O) was used for all solutions and dilutions. All solutions for HPLC analysis were filtered through 0.45 μm membrane before use.

3.2. Apparatus

The preparative HSCCC instrument employed in the present study was a TBE-300 high-speed counter-current chromatograph (Tauto Biotech, Shanghai, China) with a PTFE three multilayer coil separation columns (id. of the tubing, 1.6 mm; total column volume, 260 mL) and a 20 mL sample loop. The revolution radius or the distance between the holder axis and central axis of the centrifuge (R) was 5 cm, and the β-values of the multilayer coil varied from 0.5 (internal terminal) to 0.8 (external terminal). The revolving speed of HSCCC was adjustable, ranging from 0 to 1000 rpm. The experimental temperature was controlled by an HX 1050 constant temperature-circulating implement (Boyikang Lab Instrument Company, Beijing, China). An ÄKTA prime system (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) was used to pump the two-phase solvent system and perform the UV absorbance measurements. The data were collected by a Unicorn 5.11 chromatography workstation.
The HPLC equipment used was Waters Alliance 2695 system (Waters Corp., Milford, CT, USA) and consisted of a 2996 photodiode array detector and an Empower chromatography workstation.
The LC-MS experiment was performed using a Bruker Esquire 3000 plus mass spectrometer (Bruker-Franzen Analytik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) equipped with an ESI source and ion trap analyzer in the negative-ion mode.

3.3. Materials

Ougan fruits were collected in November 2010 from Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China. The fruits were separated into four parts, i.e., flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac, and cut into small pieces respectively. The parts were dried at 50 °C in a drying oven, powdered and sieved with a 40 meshes sieve and stored at −40 °C until analysis.

3.4. Preparation of Sample Solution

Each part of Ougan fruit (0.5 g FW) was extracted twice with 10 mL 80% ethanol for 30 min respectively and both extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness at 50 °C. The residue was dissolved in 2 mL methanol and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was used for HPLC analysis.
Dry albedo powder (20 g) was extracted twice by sonication with 400 mL 80% ethanol. The extract was then evaporated to form a syrup by a rotary evaporator at 50 °C under reduced pressure and then dissolved in ddH2O. The water-soluble extract containing 0.05 mg/mL poncirin was then used for the separations in subsequent experiments.

3.5. Identification of Poncirin

The HPLC analysis was accomplished with a Waters C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, I.D., 5 μm) at 25 °C. ddH2O (A)-acetonitrile (B) was used as the mobile phase in gradient elution mode, and the elution system was as follows: 0–10 min, 78% of A; 10–35 min, 78%–39% of A; 35–40 min, 39%–0 of A; 40–42 min, 0 of A; 42–45 min, 0–78% of A; 45–50 min, 78% of A. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 280 nm.
For the LC-MS analysis, nitrogen was used as the nebulizing gas at a pressure of 10 psi and the drying gas at a flow rate of 5 L/min. The ion-source temperature was set at 250 °C, and the capillary voltage was set at 4000 V. Data reported here were acquired using software Esquire 5.0 (Bruker, Massachusetts, MA, USA).

3.6. Dynamic Adsorption and Desorption Tests

In the present study, D101 macroporous resin was selected to elute the target compound according to [27]. Before use, D101 macroporous resin was soaked with 95% aqueous ethanol for 24 h and then washed with 5% HCl, 5% NaOH, and ddH2O successively.
Dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out with a glass column (Ø16 × 200 mm, Shanghai Qite Analytical Instrumental Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) wet-packed with D101 macroporous resin. The bed volume (BV) of resin was 10 mL and sample solution flowed through the glass column at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The concentration of poncirin in the sample solution used in our experiment was 0.05 mg/mL, and the concentrations of poncirin in different effluents were monitored by HPLC analysis in order to determine the feed volume. For desorption experiment, the column was first washed with 3 BV (30 mL) water after reaching adsorptive saturation, and then eluted by different concentrations of ethanol-water solution. The concentration of poncirin in each of the effluents was monitored by HPLC analysis, and then concentrated to dryness under vacuum.

3.7. Selection of the Two-Phase Solvent Systems for HSCCC

The two-phase solvent system was selected according to the partition coefficient (K) of the target compounds. The K-value was determined by HPLC as follows: suitable amount of resin-refined sample was dissolved in different pre-equilibrated solvent systems (upper phase/lower phase, 1:1, v/v) and mixed thoroughly. After the equilibration was reached, both the upper phase and the lower phase were analyzed for the target compound and their HPLC peak areas were recorded as A1 and A2, respectively. The K-value was calculated according to the following equation: K = A1/A2.

3.8. Preparation of Two-Phase-Solvent System and Sample Solution

In the present study, the two-phase solvent system of chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water (4:3:0.5:2, v/v/v/v) was selected for HSCCC separation. Each component of the solvent system was added into a separating funnel and thoroughly equilibrated overnight. The upper and lower phases were separated, and degassed by ultrasonic for 30 min before use. Resin-refined sample (60 mg) was prepared by dissolving the sample in mix solution of 3 mL upper and 3 mL lower phases.

3.9. HSCCC Separation Procedure

In HSCCC separation, the multiplayer coiled column was first filled with the upper phase at a flow rate of 15 mL/min. The apparatus was then rotated at 850 rpm, and the lower phase was pumped into the column from head to tail at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. After the mobile phase front emerged and hydrodynamic equilibrium was established, 6 mL sample solution was injected. The effluent of the column was monitored by a UV detector at 280 nm and the separation temperature was set at 25 °C. Peak fractions were collected (1.8 mL/tube) according to the elution profile for HPLC, LC-MS analysis and cell viability assay.

3.10. Cell Culture and Cell Viability Assay

The human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10%), penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). The cells were grown at 37 °C in an incubator containing 5% CO2. Exponentially growing cells were used for experimentation. The inhibitory effect of the purified poncirin on human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells was determined by cell viability assay performed with MTT photometric analysis as described by Mosmann with some modifications [28]. Briefly, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 6000 cells/well in 200 μL of medium. With appropriate adhesion, the supernatant was removed and the cells were treated with 200 μL of medium containing 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 μg purified poncirin, respectively. Cells treated with commercial anticarcinogen 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) of 30 μg/mL were set as positive control. Each treatment was conducted in six wells. Forty-eight hours after treatment, 20 μL MTT solutions (5 mg/mL) were supplemented for each well. The plate was shaken evenly and then incubated for 4 h at 37 °C. The MTT solution was removed carefully after incubation, and 200 μL/well of DMSO was added. The plates were shaken for 10 min in a balance oscillator, and the absorbance (A) was measured at 490 nm by a plate reader. The inhibition rate (IR) of cell proliferation was calculated as follows: IR (%) = (AcontrolAtreatment)/Acontrol × 100%.

3.11. Statistic Analysis

Experiments were performed in triplicate and data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.

4. Conclusions

In the present study, poncirin in Ougan fruit was analyzed and purified. Ougan albedo was found to be a good resource of poncirin among edible citrus fruit. HSCCC combined with D101 macroporous resin is efficient in preparative isolation of poncirin from Ougan fruit, with poncirin purity increased from 0.14% to 96.56% after the two-step purification. Purified poncirin was identified by HPLC-PDA and LC-MS, and it showed a significant in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 in a dose-dependent manner; thus poncirin is potentially beneficial for patients that suffer from stomach cancer. The established purification method is useful for guiding the consumption of Ougan fruit as well as for further studies on the pharmacological mechanism of poncirin.

Acknowledgments

We thank Donald Grierson from the University of Nottingham (UK) for his kind suggestions and efforts in language editing. The work was supported by the Special Scientific Research Fund of Agricultural Public Welfare Profession of China (200903044), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171668), the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012BAD38B03), the Program for Key Innovative Research Team of Zhejiang Province (2010R50032), the Wenzhou Science and Technology Project (09-317202-001), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2012FZA6013).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Diplock, A.; Charleux, J.; Grozier-Willi, G.; Kok, K.; Rice-Evans, C.; Roberfroid, M.; Stahl, W.; Vina-Ribes, J. Functional food sciences and defence against reactive oxidative species. Br. J. Nutr 1998, 80, 77–82. [Google Scholar]
  2. Soong, Y.Y.; Barlow, P.J. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds. Food Chem 2004, 88, 411–417. [Google Scholar]
  3. Pérez-Gregorio, M.R.; García-Falcón, M.S.; Simal-Gándara, J. Flavonoids changes in fresh-cut onions during storage in different packaging systems. Food Chem 2011, 124, 652–658. [Google Scholar]
  4. Figueiredo-González, M.; Cancho-Grande, B.; Boso, S.; Santiago, J.L.; Martínez, M.C.; Simal-Gándara, J. Evolution of flavonoids in Mouratón berries taken from both bunch halves. Food Chem 2013, 138, 1868–1877. [Google Scholar]
  5. Menichini, F.; Loizzo, M.R.; Bonesi, M.; Conforti, F.; de Luca, D.; Statti, G.A.; Cindio, B.; Menichini, F.; Tundis, R. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts from Citrus medica L. cv Diamante flowers, leaves and fruits at two maturity stages. Food Chem. Toxicol 2011, 49, 1549–1555. [Google Scholar]
  6. Ramful, D.; Tarnus, E.; Aruoma, O.I.; Bourdon, E.; Bahorun, T. Polyphenol composition, vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity of Mauritian citrus fruit pulps. Food Res. Int 2011, 44, 2088–2099. [Google Scholar]
  7. Abeysinghe, D.C.; Li, X.; Sun, C.D.; Zhang, W.S.; Zhou, C.H.; Chen, K.S. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in different edible tissues of citrus fruit of four citrus species. Food Chem 2007, 104, 1338–1344. [Google Scholar]
  8. Kim, J.B.; Han, A.R.; Park, E.Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Cho, W.; Lee, J.; Seo, E.K.; Lee, K.T. Inhibition of LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines expression by poncirin through the NF-kappa B inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull 2007, 30, 2345–2351. [Google Scholar]
  9. Lee, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Jeong, C.S. Protective effects of neohesperidin and poncirin isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata on potential gastric disease. Phytother. Res 2009, 12, 1748–1753. [Google Scholar]
  10. Kim, D.H.; Jung, E.A.; Sohng, I.S.; Han, J.A.; Kim, T.H.; Han, M.J. Intestinal bacterial metabolism of flavonoids and its relation to some biological activities. Arch. Pharmacal. Res 1998, 21, 17–23. [Google Scholar]
  11. Yoon, H.Y.; Yun, S.I.; Kim, B.Y.; Jin, Q.L.; Woo, E.R. Poncirin promotes osteoblast differentiation but inhibits adipocyte differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol 2011, 664, 54–59. [Google Scholar]
  12. Benavente-Garcia, O.; Castillo, J. Update on uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J. Agric. Food. Chem 2008, 56, 6185–6205. [Google Scholar]
  13. Xu, X.H.; Yan, F.H.; Ye, R.H.; Cheng, X.D. Advances in Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima research. J. Zhejiang For. Sci. Technol 2008, 28, 75–77. [Google Scholar]
  14. Fu, B.Q.; Liu, J.; Li, H.; Li, L.; Lee, F.S.C.; Wang, X.R. The application of macroporous resins in the separation of licorice flavonoids and glycyrrhizic acid. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1089, 18–24. [Google Scholar]
  15. Fu, Y.; Zu, Y.; Liu, W.; Hou, C.; Chen, L.; Li, S.; Shi, X.; Tong, M. Preparative separation of vitexin and isovitexin from pigeonpea extracts with macroporous resins. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1139, 206–213. [Google Scholar]
  16. Zhang, B.; Yang, R.Y.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, C.Z. Separation of chlorogenic acid from honeysuckle crude extracts by macroporous resins. J. Chromatogr. B 2008, 867, 253–258. [Google Scholar]
  17. Wan, J.B.; Zhang, Q.W.; Ye, W.C.; Wang, Y.T. Quantification and separation of proto panaxatriol and protopanaxadiol type saponins from Panax notoginseng with macroporous resins. Sep. Purif. Technol 2008, 60, 198–205. [Google Scholar]
  18. Jiang, Y.; Lu, H.T.; Chen, F. Preparative purification of glycycyrrhirn extracted from the root of liquorice using high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1033, 183–186. [Google Scholar]
  19. Li, H.B.; Chen, F. Preparative isolation and purification of gastrodin from the Chinese medicinal plant Gastrodia elata by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1052, 229–232. [Google Scholar]
  20. Li, H.B.; Chen, F. Isolation and purification of baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A from the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1074, 107–110. [Google Scholar]
  21. Lee, D.H.; Park, K.I.; Park, H.S.; Kang, S.R.; Nagappan, A.; Kim, J.A.; Kim, E.H.; Lee, W.S.; Hah, Y.S.; Chung, H.J.; et al. Flavonoids isolated from Korea Citrus aurantiumL. induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Evid. Based Comple. Alt. 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kim, C.Y.; Lee, M.K.; Ahn, M.-J.; Kim, J. One step purification of flavanone glycosides from Poncirus trifoliata by centrifugal partition chromatography. J. Sep. Sci 2007, 30, 2693–2697. [Google Scholar]
  23. Liu, W.; Zhang, S.; Zu, Y.G.; Fu, Y.J.; Ma, W.; Zhang, D.Y.; Kong, Y.; Li, X.J. Preliminary enrichment and separation of genistein and apigenin from extracts of pigeon pea roots by macroporous resins. Bioresour. Technol 2010, 101, 4667–4675. [Google Scholar]
  24. Oka, F.; Oka, H.; Ito, Y. Systematic search for suitable two-phase solvent systems for high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1991, 538, 99–108. [Google Scholar]
  25. Yoichiro, I. Golden rules and pitfalls in selecting optimum conditions for high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1065, 145–168. [Google Scholar]
  26. Shin, I.S.; Lee, M.Y.; Seo, C.S.; Lim, H.S.; Ha, H.K.; Shin, H.K. Yijin-tang, an oriental herbal formula reduces ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol 2012, 55, 197–204. [Google Scholar]
  27. Liu, R.M.; Kong, L.Y.; Li, A.F.; Sun, A.L. Preparative isolation and purification of saponin and flavone glycoside compounds from Clinopodium chinensis (Benth) O. Kuntze by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Related Technol 2007, 30, 521–532. [Google Scholar]
  28. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55–63. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1. Molecular structure of poncirin.
Figure 1. Molecular structure of poncirin.
Ijms 14 08684f1
Figure 2. Dynamic leakage curves (A), dynamic desorption curves of poncirin by gradient elution (B), and isocratic elution (C) on column packed with D101 resin. Initial poncirin concentration in feed solution: 0.05 mg/mL; isocratic elution solution: 60% (v/v) ethanol; both adsorption and desorption flow rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Figure 2. Dynamic leakage curves (A), dynamic desorption curves of poncirin by gradient elution (B), and isocratic elution (C) on column packed with D101 resin. Initial poncirin concentration in feed solution: 0.05 mg/mL; isocratic elution solution: 60% (v/v) ethanol; both adsorption and desorption flow rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Ijms 14 08684f2
Figure 3. HSCCC separation chromatogram of poncirin. Solvent system: chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water (4:3:0.5:2, v/v/v/v); flow rate (mobile phase): 2.0 mL/min; revolution speed: 850 rpm; sample size: 60 mg; detection wavelength: 280 nm. Fraction I was collected from tube # 8-27.
Figure 3. HSCCC separation chromatogram of poncirin. Solvent system: chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water (4:3:0.5:2, v/v/v/v); flow rate (mobile phase): 2.0 mL/min; revolution speed: 850 rpm; sample size: 60 mg; detection wavelength: 280 nm. Fraction I was collected from tube # 8-27.
Ijms 14 08684f3
Figure 4. HPLC chromatogram and UV absorption spectrum of poncirin from crude extract before (A) and after (B) treatment with D101 resin and the purified product (C) from fraction I obtained by HSCCC. Peak I represents poncirin. (D) and (E), LC-MS chromatogram of HSCCC purified poncirin product.
Figure 4. HPLC chromatogram and UV absorption spectrum of poncirin from crude extract before (A) and after (B) treatment with D101 resin and the purified product (C) from fraction I obtained by HSCCC. Peak I represents poncirin. (D) and (E), LC-MS chromatogram of HSCCC purified poncirin product.
Ijms 14 08684f4aIjms 14 08684f4b
Figure 5. Inhibitory activity of purified poncirin on the growth of gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. 5-Fu (positive control), 5-fluorouracil; Results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 9).
Figure 5. Inhibitory activity of purified poncirin on the growth of gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. 5-Fu (positive control), 5-fluorouracil; Results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 9).
Ijms 14 08684f5
Table 1. Content of the poncirin in four tissues of Ougan fruit.
Table 1. Content of the poncirin in four tissues of Ougan fruit.
TissueContent of poncirin (mg/g FW)
flavedo0.15 ± 0.01
albedo1.37 ± 0.09
segment membrane0.52 ± 0.01
juice sac0.07 ± 0.01
Results are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3) on a fresh weight (FW) basis.
Table 2. Results of gradient elution of the poncirin on column packed with D101 resin.
Table 2. Results of gradient elution of the poncirin on column packed with D101 resin.
Concentration of ethanol (%)Mass of dried residue (mg)Mass of the poncirin (mg)Content of the (poncirin %)
1019.3//
20140.50.780.56
30217.43.911.80
40193.59.484.90
5082.98.4210.16
6038.33.659.52
7013.70.241.76
802.3//
900.7//
Table 3. The partition coefficients (K) of the poncirin in different solvent systems of HSCCC. The K value was defined as the peak area of the compound in the upper phase divided by that in the lower phase.
Table 3. The partition coefficients (K) of the poncirin in different solvent systems of HSCCC. The K value was defined as the peak area of the compound in the upper phase divided by that in the lower phase.
Solvent systemRatio(v/v/v/v)K value
Chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water4:3:0.5:20.81
Chloroform–methanol–n-butanol–water4:3:0.5:30.36
Ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water4:0.5:53.14
Ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water5:1:52.73
n-Hexane–n-butanol–water1:1:20.55
Table 4. The purities and recoveries of poncirin in the two-step purification.
Table 4. The purities and recoveries of poncirin in the two-step purification.
Purification stepPurity (%)Recovery (%)Yield (mg)
Crude extract0.14//
D101 Resin5.3071.55302.4 a
HSCCC96.5663.772.1 b
aThe amount of the refined sample was obtained from 16 g raw material in the resin purification;
bThe amount of compound was obtained from 60 mg refined sample by one HSCCC run.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, X.; Luo, F.; Zheng, Y.; Zhang, J.; Huang, J.; Sun, C.; Li, X.; Chen, K. Characterization, Purification of Poncirin from Edible Citrus Ougan (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima) and Its Growth Inhibitory Effect on Human Gastric Cancer Cells SGC-7901. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 8684-8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14058684

AMA Style

Zhu X, Luo F, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Huang J, Sun C, Li X, Chen K. Characterization, Purification of Poncirin from Edible Citrus Ougan (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima) and Its Growth Inhibitory Effect on Human Gastric Cancer Cells SGC-7901. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(5):8684-8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14058684

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Xiaoyan, Fenglei Luo, Yixiong Zheng, Jiukai Zhang, Jianzhen Huang, Chongde Sun, Xian Li, and Kunsong Chen. 2013. "Characterization, Purification of Poncirin from Edible Citrus Ougan (Citrus reticulate cv. Suavissima) and Its Growth Inhibitory Effect on Human Gastric Cancer Cells SGC-7901" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 5: 8684-8697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14058684

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop