Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(11), 7652-7661; doi:10.3390/ijms12117652
Article

Lidocaine Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo

Dae Young Hong 1,† email, Kisang Kwon 2,† email, Kyeong Ryong Lee 1 email, Young Jin Choi 2 email, Tae-Won Goo 3 email, Kweon Yu 4 email, Seung-Whan Kim 5,* email and O-Yu Kwon 2,* email
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 143-729, Korea 2 Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University, Taejon 301-747, Korea 3 Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-100, Korea 4 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon 305-806, Korea 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Taejon 301-721, Korea † These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 11 October 2011; in revised form: 25 October 2011 / Accepted: 26 October 2011 / Published: 8 November 2011
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
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Abstract: We demonstrated that upregulation of both gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress chaperones (BiP, calnexin, calreticulin, and PDI) and ER stress sensors (ATF6, IRE1 and PERK) was induced by lidocaine, a local anesthetic, in PC12 cells. In addition to gene regulation, lidocaine also induced typical ER stress phenomena such as ART6 proteolytic cleavage, eIF2 alpha phosphorylation, and XBP1 mRNA splicing. In in vivo experiments, while lidocaine downregulated gene expression of anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl), pro-apoptotic factor (Bak and Bax) gene expression was upregulated. Furthermore, lidocaine induced apoptosis, as measured histochemically, and upregulated PARP1, a DNA damage repair enzyme. These results are the first to show that lidocaine induces apoptosis through ER stress in vitro and in vivo.
Keywords: lidocaine; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; ER chaperone; ER stress sensor; apoptosis

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Hong, D.Y.; Kwon, K.; Lee, K.R.; Choi, Y.J.; Goo, T.-W.; Yu, K.; Kim, S.-W.; Kwon, O.-Y. Lidocaine Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 7652-7661.

AMA Style

Hong DY, Kwon K, Lee KR, Choi YJ, Goo T-W, Yu K, Kim S-W, Kwon O-Y. Lidocaine Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(11):7652-7661.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hong, Dae Young; Kwon, Kisang; Lee, Kyeong Ryong; Choi, Young Jin; Goo, Tae-Won; Yu, Kweon; Kim, Seung-Whan; Kwon, O-Yu. 2011. "Lidocaine Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, no. 11: 7652-7661.

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