Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Whole Saliva
2.2. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
2.3. Silver Staining
2.4. Image Analysis
2.5. In Gel Trypsin Digestion and Mass Spectrometry
2.6. Database Searches
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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Subject(a) | Age | Cigarettes/Day | Smoking Duration(b) | Stick-year(c) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | 20 | 15 | 300 |
2 | 36 | 14 | 23 | 322 |
3 | 38 | 20 | 15 | 300 |
4 | 51 | 14 | 20 | 280 |
5 | 36 | 14 | 15 | 210 |
6 | 54 | 20 | 30 | 600 |
7 | 38 | 20 | 17 | 340 |
8 | 54 | 30 | 30 | 900 |
9 | 39 | 20 | 20 | 400 |
10 | 39 | 20 | 25 | 500 |
11 | 48 | 24 | 17 | 408 |
12 | 40 | 14 | 15 | 210 |
Accession No. (a) | Protein | Spot No.(b) | MASCOT Score | No. of Peptides Hit | Sequence Coverage | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P02787 | Serotransferrin | 1 | 89 | 10 | 9 | [22,23,25] |
2 | 78 | 16 | 8 | |||
P01833 | Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor | 3 | 282 | 9 | 8 | [22–26] |
4 | 111 | 11 | 33 | |||
5 | 99 | 17 | 27 | |||
6 | 240 | 7 | 22 | |||
7 | 246 | 20 | 55 | |||
8 | 169 | 12 | 32 | |||
9 | 120 | 18 | 28 | |||
Q9Y6R7 | IgGFc-binding protein | 10 | 645 | 10 | 2 | Npd |
Q8TDL5 | *Long palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 1 | 11 | 187 | 4 | 11 | Npd |
P09960 | *Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase | 12 | 376 | 6 | 14 | Npd |
P02768 | Serum albumin | 13 | 98 | 3 | 5 | [22–26] |
14 | 122 | 5 | 7 | |||
P04745 | Human salivay α-amylase | 15 | 101 | 15 | 27 | [22–26] |
P08107 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 | 16 | 572 | 8 | 14 | [23] |
P13796 | Plastin-2 | 17 | 555 | 32 | 16 | Npd |
P07237 | *Protein disulfide-isomerase | 18 | 636 | 13 | 27 | Npd |
P02774 | Vitamin D-binding protein precursor | 19 | 741 | 11 | 32 | [27] |
20 | 575 | 10 | 27 | |||
P01009 | Alpha-1-antitrypsin | 21 | 211 | 8 | 10 | [25] |
22 | 112 | 6 | 12 | |||
23 | 99 | 5 | 18 | |||
P61158 | Actin-related protein 3 | 24 | 327 | 13 | 17 | Npd |
P50395 | *Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta | 25 | 363 | 15 | 19 | [28] |
P06733 | Alpha-enolase | 26 | 735 | 11 | 33 | [22,23,26] |
P23280 | Carbonic anhydrase VI | 27 | 290 | 15 | 19 | [22,23] |
28 | 90 | 4 | 4 | |||
29 | 303 | 11 | 40 | |||
30 | 488 | 32 | 48 | |||
31 | 79 | 4 | 8 | |||
32 | ||||||
P30740 | *Leukocyte elastase inhibitor | 33 | 374 | 12 | 19 | [29] |
34 | 315 | 10 | 16 | |||
Q99536 | **Synaptic vesicle membrane protein VAT-1 | 35 | 76 | 2 | 4 | Npd |
P40121 | Macrophage-capping protein | 36 | 579 | 16 | 20 | Npd |
P02675 | Fibrinogen beta chain | 37 | 676 | 12 | 26 | [23,25] |
38 | 554 | 16 | 36 | |||
39 | 467 | 15 | 20 | |||
P00738 | Haptoglobin | 40 | 518 | 10 | 21 | [28] |
P37837 | *Transaldolase | 41 | 60 | 8 | 15 | [28] |
42 | 77 | 6 | 13 | |||
P25311 | Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | 43 | 246 | 16 | 28 | [22–26] |
44 | 285 | 11 | 20 | |||
P60709 | Actin, cytoplasmic 1 | 45 | 230 | 3 | 15 | [23,25] |
46 | 188 | 4 | 15 | |||
P27797 | **Calreticulin | 47 | 651 | 10 | 27 | Npd |
P01024 | Complement C3 | 48 | 330 | 15 | 6 | Npd |
49 | 332 | 14 | 5 | |||
P63261 | Actin, cytoplasmic 2 | 50 | 285 | 11 | 20 | [23] |
P60709 | Actin, cytoplasmic 1 | 51 | 243 | 5 | 14 | [23,25] |
P52907 | F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 | 52 | 274 | 6 | 16 | Npd |
P25311 | Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | 53 | 82 | 3 | 10 | [22–26] |
P12429 | Annexin A3 | 54 | 331 | 8 | 14 | Npd |
P00738 | Haptoglobin | 55 | 627 | 12 | 24 | [28] |
P01876 | Ig alpha-1 chain C region | 56 | 274 | 5 | 17 | [22–24,26] |
P30740 | *Leukocyte elastase inhibitor | 57 | 417 | 20 | 30 | [29] |
Q96DR5 | *Short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2 | 58 | 141 | 4 | 15 | [22] |
59 | 119 | 5 | 18 | |||
60 | 293 | 20 | 68 | |||
61 | ||||||
O00299 | *Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 | 62 | 561 | 9 | 52 | Npd |
P63104 | Protein kinase C inhibitor protein-1(14-3-3 protein zeta/delta) | 63 | 101 | 4 | 12 | Npd |
P01834 | Ig kappa chain C region | 64 | 101 | 4 | 33 | [23–26] |
P01591 | Immunoglobulin J chain | 65 | 241 | 11 | 32 | [22,24,25] |
P52565 | Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 | 66 | 356 | 13 | 30 | Npd |
P52566 | *Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2 | 67 | 173 | 9 | 31 | Npd |
P09211 | Glutathione S Transferase | 68 | 201 | 6 | 22 | [22–24,26] |
69 | 493 | 19 | 61 | |||
P32119 | Peroxiredoxin-2 | 70 | 264 | 6 | 27 | [28] |
P02763 | Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 | 71 | 317 | 6 | 27 | Npd |
72 | 137 | 4 | 17 | |||
P18510 | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein | 73 | 148 | 6 | 15 | [22,24] |
P00738 | Haptoglobin | 74 | 358 | 6 | 22 | [28] |
75 | 491 | 7 | 20 | |||
76 | 439 | 8 | 22 | |||
P15531 | **Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A | 77 | 132 | 6 | 25 | Npd |
P52566 | Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2 | 78 | 185 | 4 | 32 | Npd |
O15511 | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 | 79 | 69 | 2 | 7 | Npd |
P12273 | Prolactin-inducible protein | 80 | 385 | 6 | 45 | [22–25] |
81 | 116 | 32 | 6 | |||
82 | 375 | 5 | 44 | |||
83 | 365 | 6 | 45 | |||
84 | 410 | 6 | 45 | |||
85 | 413 | 7 | 54 | |||
86 | 279 | 5 | 45 | |||
P31025 | *Lipocalin-1 | 87 | 169 | 5 | 18 | [22,24] |
88 | 168 | 3 | 17 | |||
89 | 213 | 4 | 21 | |||
P01036 | *Cystatin S | 90 | 535 | 15 | 62 | [22–24,26] |
91 | 444 | 8 | 58 | |||
P09228 | *Cystatin SA | 92 | 437 | 7 | 64 | [22–26] |
P10599 | Thioredoxin | 93 | 88 | 4 | 16 | [21] |
94 | 111 | 3 | 15 | |||
P12273 | Prolactin-inducible protein | 95 | 413 | 7 | 54 | [22–25] |
P02766 | Transthyretin | 96 | 80 | 3 | 33 | [28,33] |
Q14019 | **Coactosin-like protein | 97 | 379 | 8 | 60 | Npd |
P08118 | **Beta-microseminoprotein | 98 | 119 | 2 | 8 | Npd |
P02766 | Transthyretin | 99 | 269 | 7 | 40 | [28,33] |
Q01469 | *Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal | 100 | 219 | 6 | 47 | [22–24,29] |
P01036 | *Cystatin S | 101 | 192 | 4 | 37 | [22–24,26] |
P06702 | Calgranulin-B | 102 | 296 | 6 | 51 | [22,24,26] |
P01040 | Cystatin-A | 103 | 42 | 1 | 18 | [22,25,26] |
P06702 | Calgranulin-B | 104 | 395 | 7 | 63 | [22,24,26] |
P28325 | *Cystatin D | 105 | 172 | 6 | 34 | [22,24] |
Q01469 | *Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal | 106 | 347 | 8 | 52 | [22–24,29] |
Q05315 | **Eosinophil lysophospholipase | 107 | 108 | 3 | 9 | Npd |
P01037 | *Cystatin SN | 108 | 293 | 20 | 68 | [22–26] |
Protein | Non-smokers | Smokers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% volume(a) (±S.E.M) | RP(b)/12 | % volume(a) (±S.E.M) | RP(b)/12 | p(c) | |
1: Energy/Metabolism | |||||
Amylase | 14.15 (±0.54) | 12 | 12.72 (±0.85) | 12 | 0.168 |
Carbonic anhydrase VI | 1.48 (±0.17) | 12 | 1.07 (±0.14) | 12 | 0.077 |
Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | 1.02 (±0.09) | 12 | 1.09 (±0.13) | 12 | 0.673 |
Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal | 0.08 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.12 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.111 |
Transaldolase | 0.04 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.04 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.543 |
Alpha-enolase | 0.06 (±0.02) | 10 | 0.10 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.183 |
2: Defence/Immune response | |||||
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor | 4.58 (±0.12) | 12 | 3.57 (±0.40) | 12 | 0.024 |
Immunoglobulin J chain | 0.38 (±0.06) | 12 | 0.41 (±0.06) | 12 | 0.305 |
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein | 0.01 (±0.00) | 7 | 0.04 (±0.01) | 11 | 0.004 |
Prolactin-inducible protein | 2.27 (±0.20) | 12 | 2.35 (±0.23) | 12 | 0.787 |
Short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2 | 1.22 (±0.18) | 11 | 1.42 (±0.18) | 12 | 0.456 |
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 | 0.01 (±0.00) | 2 | 0.02 (±0.01) | 5 | 0.159 |
3: Protein degradation inhibitor | |||||
α1-Antitrypsin | 0.02 (±0.01) | 6 | 0.05 (±0.01) | 8 | 0.027 |
Cystatin A | 0.08 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.09 (±0.03) | 12 | 0.620 |
Cystatin S | 0.04 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.05 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.775 |
Cystatin SA | 0.28 (±0.05) | 12 | 0.27 (±0.07) | 12 | 0.916 |
Cystatin SN | 0.28 (±0.06) | 12 | 0.30 (±0.04) | 12 | 0.744 |
Cystatin D | 0.12 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.12 (±0.02) | 11 | 0.769 |
Leukocyte elastase inhibitor | 0.10 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.10 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.922 |
4: Cell adhesion/communication | |||||
Calgranulin B | 0.13 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.21 (±0.04) | 12 | 0.032 |
5: Protein folding/repair | |||||
Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 | 0.06 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.05 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.818 |
6: Redox | |||||
Thioredoxin | 0.03 (±0.00) | 1 | 0.07 (±0.02) | 8 | 0.001 |
Peroxiredoxin-2 | 0.01 (±0.01) | 3 | 0.02 (±0.01) | 7 | 0.617 |
7: Signaling | |||||
Complement C3 precursor | 0.00 (±0.00) | 3 | 0.01 (±0.00) | 9 | 0.012 |
Glutathione-S Transferase | 0.10 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.12 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.444 |
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 | 0.14 (±0.03) | 3 | 0.15 (±0.03) | 3 | 0.557 |
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2 | 0.03 (±0.01) | 10 | 0.04 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.327 |
Protein kinase C inhibitor protein-1 | 0.11 (±0.03) | 7 | 0.17 (±0.05) | 11 | 0.282 |
Annexin A3 | 0.07 (±0.02) | 11 | 0.00 (±0.01) | 6 | 0.088 |
8: Structural/cytoskeletal | |||||
f-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 | 0.02 (±0.01) | 4 | 0.03 (±0.01) | 8 | 0.521 |
Macrophage-capping protein | 0.03 (±0.01) | 7 | 0.02 (±0.00) | 9 | 0.261 |
l-plastin | 0.11 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.09 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.376 |
9: Transport | |||||
Lipocalin-1 | 0.15 (±0.05) | 8 | 0.65 (±0.13) | 12 | 0.001 |
Haptoglobin | 0.06 (±0.01) | 11 | 0.07 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.694 |
Transthyretin | 0.07 (±0.01) | 12 | 0.10 (±0.02) | 12 | 0.108 |
Serum albumin | 1.63 (±0.14) | 12 | 1.71 (±022) | 12 | 0.758 |
Isoform Spot(a) | Non-smokers | Smokers | p | Fold Change(d) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% vol(b) | RP(c) | % vol(b) | RP(c) | |||
a | 0.056 | 8 | 0.195 | 12 | 0.005 | +3.5 |
b | 0.007 | 4 | 0.150 | 10 | 0.000 | +21.4 |
c | 0.085 | 11 | 0.305 | 12 | 0.012 | +3.7 |
d | 0.013 | 5 | 0.108 | 11 | 0.012 | +8.3 |
e | 0.006 | 4 | 0.069 | 9 | 0.038 | +11.5 |
f | 0.003 | 1 | 0.089 | 6 | 0.031 | +29.7 |
g | 0.110 | 12 | 0.316 | 12 | 0.018 | +2.9 |
© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Jessie, K.; Pang, W.W.; Rahim, Z.H.A.; Hashim, O.H. Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 4488-4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114488
Jessie K, Pang WW, Rahim ZHA, Hashim OH. Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010; 11(11):4488-4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114488
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessie, Kala, Wei Wei Pang, Zubaidah Haji Abdul Rahim, and Onn Haji Hashim. 2010. "Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11, no. 11: 4488-4505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114488