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Article

Novel Pyrazine Analogs of Chalcones: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Antimycobacterial Activity

by
Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova
1,
Jiri Kunes
2,
Vladimir Buchta
3,
Marcela Vejsova
3 and
Veronika Opletalova
1,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
2
Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
3
Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2015, 20(1), 1104-1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011104
Submission received: 5 November 2014 / Accepted: 6 January 2015 / Published: 12 January 2015
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and invasive mycoses, represent serious health problems. As a part of our long-term efforts to find new agents for the treatment of these diseases, a new series of pyrazine analogs of chalcones bearing an isopropyl group in position 5 of the pyrazine ring was prepared. The structures of the compounds were corroborated by IR and NMR spectroscopy and their purity confirmed by elemental analysis. The susceptibility of eight fungal strains to the studied compounds was tested. The results have been compared with the activity of some previously reported propyl derivatives. The only strain that was susceptible to the studied compounds was Trichophyton mentagrophytes. It was found that replacing a non-branched propyl with a branched isopropyl did not have a decisive and unequivocal influence on the in vitro antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes. In vitro activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes comparable with that of fluconazole was exhibited by nitro-substituted derivatives. Unfortunately, no compound exhibited efficacy comparable with that of terbinafine, which is the most widely used agent for treating mycoses caused by dermatophytes. Some of the prepared compounds were assayed for antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The highest potency was also displayed by nitro-substituted compounds. The results of the present study are in a good agreement with our previous findings and confirm the positive influence of electron-withdrawing groups on the B-ring of chalcones on the antifungal and antimycobacterial activity of these compounds.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Infectious diseases used to be, and in some regions of the world still are, the major cause of death. Tuberculosis remains a severe global public health threat, especially in the context of the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains in all countries of the world [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Fungal infections are a global challenge as well. Candidiasis is one of the most frequent fungal diseases. The epidemiology of mycoses has changed over the last two decades. Whilst the incidence of Candida albicans was decreased in many countries, the proportion of species other than C. albicans was increased, particularly at intensive care units [7]. Apart from Candida, other serious fungal pathogens participate in an increased morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus species Mucorales represent a leading etiology of invasive mycoses, especially in connection with risk and predisposing factors such as transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, catheterization, poorly controlled diabetes, iron overload and major trauma [8,9,10].
Chalcones are natural products that are not only important intermediates for the biosynthesis of other flavonoids but exhibit a variety of biological effects by themselves [11]. The chalcone 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one skeleton is a privileged structure in drug design [12,13,14], and many synthetic chalcones and their heterocyclic congeners have been studied. Several reviews dealing with the preparation, properties and biological activities of these compounds have been published recently [15,16,17,18], and various studies dealing with the biological activities of heterocyclic analogs of chalcones have appeared [19,20,21,22,23].
Studies of the antimicrobial properties of various pyrazine derivatives have a long tradition at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove and at the Department of Clinical Microbiology of the University Hospital Hradec Kralove [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. The present paper is a continuation of our earlier work. In our previous papers [32,33,34] synthesis and in vitro antifungal and antimycobacterial activity of (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(subst. phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones, where alkyl is butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl or propyl, were reported. Derivatives without alkyl moieties on the pyrazine ring were included in these studies as well. Nonetheless, the influence of alkyl substitution on antimicrobial potency could not be clearly determined. In a series of (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones derivatives with hydrogen or a non-branched alkyl on the pyrazine ring exhibited the highest antifungal potency, whilst substitution with tert-butyl seemed to be favorable for antimycobacterial potency [32]. A similar trend was later observed with (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones [34]. Therefore we decided to prepare a series of (E)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(subst. phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones and compare their in vitro antifungal and antimycobacterial activities with those displayed previously by analogous propyl derivatives.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The studied compounds were prepared using the method described in our previous papers [32,33,34]. Pyrazine-2-carbonitrile (1) was submitted to Minisci radical alkylation [35,36,37] to yield 5-isopropylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile (2). Although the Minisci reaction has been widely used in synthetic organic chemistry [38] it was first applied to homolytic alkylation of pyrazine-2-carbonitrile by our research group [39,40]. 5-Isopropylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile (2) was then converted to 1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)ethan-1-one (3) using a procedure described in our previous papers [39,40]. Modified Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 3 with substituted benzaldehydes gave the pyrazine congeners of chalcones 4a–4j (Scheme 1). To separate the products from the reaction mixtures, column chromatography using a mixture of light petroleum-ethyl acetate was necessary (except for compound 4h). The yields of the products ranged between 18%–43% for most examples. However, isolation of compounds 4e, 4f and 4j was difficult. A mobile phase with a low content of ethyl acetate (90:10) was used, but the yields remained very low (<10%). A similar problem has previously been observed with (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones, (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones and (E)-1-(5-alkylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones where alkyl was propyl, butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl [33,41]. This may be due to the lower reactivity of methoxy- and chloro-substituted benzaldehydes in the Claisen-Schmidt reaction or the high lipophilicity (log P = 2.8 for 4e and 4f and 3.48 for 4j) of these compounds which complicates their chromatographic separation. Purity of the products was checked by elemental analysis. Their structures were confirmed by their IR and NMR spectra. The values of the spin interaction constant J (15–16 Hz) corresponds to an E‑configuration on the double bond.
Molecules 20 01104 g001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds 4a–4j. Reagents and conditions: (a) isobutyric acid, AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, water, 80 °C; (b) CH3MgI, Et2O; (c) substituted benzaldehyde, pyridine, Et2NH.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds 4a–4j. Reagents and conditions: (a) isobutyric acid, AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, water, 80 °C; (b) CH3MgI, Et2O; (c) substituted benzaldehyde, pyridine, Et2NH.
Molecules 20 01104 g001

2.2. Biological Evaluation

2.2.1. Antifungal Activity

Like the chalcone analogs previously prepared by us [32,33,34], the (E)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(substituted phenyl)-prop-2-en-1-ones reported here were tested as potential antimycotic and antituberculous drugs. In vitro susceptibility of eight fungal strains to the studied compounds was determined and results are summarized in Table 1. MICs of previously reported propyl derivatives 5a–5j are given for comparison. The compounds were inactive or only weekly active against most strains, hence some comparison is possible only for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In five cases (4a and 5a, 4b and 5b, 4c and 5c, 4d and 5d, 4j and 5j) the propyl derivative exhibited better potency than the corresponding isopropyl congener, which is in agreement with trends indicated in the Introduction. However, in four cases (4e and 5e, 4f and 5f, 4g and 5g, 4i and 5i) an opposite trend was observed, and in case of 4h and 5h comparison is not possible due to the insolubility of compound 4h.
Moreover, the differences in the potencies of propyl and isopropyl derivatives are sometimes very subtle. Therefore, it can only be concluded that replacing a non-branched propyl with a branched isopropyl does not have a decisive and unequivocal influence on the in vitro antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes. Potency of (E)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (4g), and (E)-1-(5-isopropyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4i) was comparable to that of fluconazole, which is sometimes used for the treatment of mycoses caused by Trichophyton spp. [42,43], but lower than that of voriconazole and terbinafine. Terbinafine is most widely used agent to treat mycoses caused by dermatophytes and other fungi [42,44]. Voriconazole belongs to the highly effective systemic antifungal drugs with a favourable risk-benefit ratio, and with distinct in vitro activity against dermatophytes, yeasts and some molds [45] but clinically it is used to treat invasive aspergillosis [46,47]. The good potency of the nitro-substituted derivatives 4g and 4i is in a good agreement with our previous results [34], confirming the positive influence of a nitro group on the B‑ring on the antifungal potency of chalcone-like derivatives.
Table
Table 1. Antifungal activity of isopropyl derivatives 4a–4j and propyl derivatives 5a–5j (compared to fluconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine).
Table 1. Antifungal activity of isopropyl derivatives 4a–4j and propyl derivatives 5a–5j (compared to fluconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine).
Compd.MIC (μmol/L)
IC80 or greater for yeasts and yeast-like organisms
IC50 or greater for molds
CACTCKCGTAAFLCTM
24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h72 h
48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h120 h
4a˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125
˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125
5a˃500˃500˃500˃500˃5005005007.81
˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃5007.81
4b62.5125˃25012512562.512515.62
125˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃25031.25
5b62.562.5˃12562.562.531.25˃12515.62
62.5125˃12562.5˃125˃125˃12515.62
4c62.5˃250˃250˃250˃25062.5˃25062.5
˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250250˃250125
5c˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃50031.25
˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃50062.5
4d˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250
˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250
5d˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125
˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125ND a
4e˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃12531.25
˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃12562.5
5e500˃500˃500˃500˃500500˃500500
˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500500
4f250˃500250˃500˃500˃500˃500125
250˃500250˃500˃500˃500˃500125
5f˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125
˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125
4g32.15˃250˃250˃250˃2501251257.81
125˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃2507.81
5g˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500250
˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500˃500250
4hNS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS b
NS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS bNS b
5h15.6262.532.15125˃25062.5˃2507.81
62.5˃250˃250˃250˃250˃250˃25015.62
4i7.81˃250˃250˃250˃2501252503.90
62.5˃250˃250˃250˃250˃2502507.81
5i˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.57.81
˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.5˃62.515.62
4j˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125≤62.5
˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125˃125≤62.5
5j>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.57.81
>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.5>62.57.81
FLU0.24˃50012541.64250˃500˃5006.51
0.24˃500250250500˃500˃500104
VOR0.0051250.6583.583.260.492080.08
0.0072501.9525014.321.32500.12
TER˃6.86 c˃6.86 c˃6.86 c˃6.86 cNA dNA dNA d0.01–1.72 c
Notes: CA = Candida albicans ATCC 44859, CT = Candida tropicalis 156, CK = Candida krusei E 28, CG = Candida glabrata 20/I, TA = Trichosporon asahii 1188, AF = Aspergillus fumigatus 231, LC = Lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly Absidia corymbifera [48]) 272, TM = Trichophyton mentagrophytes 445; FLU = fluconazole, VOR = voriconazole, TER = terbinafine; a: not determined, b: not soluble, c: IC50 after 7 days of incubation [49], d: not available.

2.2.2. Antimycobacterial Activity

Selected compounds were submitted to evaluation of antimycobacterial activity in the Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition and Coordination Facility (TAACF) through a research and development contract with the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The results are shown in Table 2. As expected according to our previous results [34], the best inhibition was displayed by 2-nitro (4g) and 4-nitro (4i) derivatives, but they were less potent than the previously reported (E)-1-(5-tert-butylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (MIC90 = 0.78 μg/mL). This confirms that tert-butyl is the best substituent for antimycobacterial potency. A lower efficacy was observed with 2-hydroxy- (4a) and 4-hydroxy- (4c) substituted compounds, which is also in agreement with our previous results [32,34].
Table
Table 2. Antimycobacterial activity of compounds 4a–4j and 5a–5j compared to isoniazid and rifampicin.
Table 2. Antimycobacterial activity of compounds 4a–4j and 5a–5j compared to isoniazid and rifampicin.
Compd.R% Inhibition at 6.25 μg/mLMIC90 (μg/mL)CC50 (μg/mL)SI
4a2-OH76NDNDND
5a2-OH50NDNDND
4b3-OH0NDNDND
5b3-OH0NDNDND
4c4-OH59NDNDND
5c4-OH35NDNDND
4d3-OCH3, 4-OHNDNDNDND
5d3-OCH3, 4-OH20NDNDND
4e2-OCH3NDNDNDND
5e2-OCH371NDNDND
4f4-OCH3NDNDNDND
5f4-OCH3NDNDNDND
4g2-NO2976.250.840.13
5g2-NO257NDNDND
4h3-NO20NDNDND
5h3-NO20NDNDND
4i4-NO2916.251.140.18
5i4-NO2100>6,25NDND
4j4-Cl0NDNDND
5j4-Cl12NDNDND
isoniazidND0.025–0.05>1000>40,000
rifampicin980.015–0.125>100>800
Note: ND = not determined.
For moving compounds into in vivo testing MIC ≤ 6.25 µg/mL and an selectivity index (the ratio of the measured CC50 in VERO cells to the MIC) SI ≥ 10 are required. Unfortunately, the selectivity indexes of the two promising compounds were too low.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Chemistry

3.1.1. Materials and Methods

Pyrazine-2-carbonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) was used as a starting compound. 5-Isopropylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile and 1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)ethan-1-one were prepared as described previously [40]. Commercially available substituted benzaldehydes (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as the starting materials. Silpearl (Kavalier, Votice, Czech Republic) was used for flash column chromatography. The purity of the products was checked by TLC on Silufol UV 254 plates (Kavalier). Mixtures of light petroleum and ethyl acetate were used for TLC. Analytical samples were dried over anhydrous phosphorus pentoxide under reduced pressure at room temperature. Melting points were determined on a Boëtius apparatus and are uncorrected. Elemental analyses were performed on an EA 1110 CHNS instrument (CE Instruments, Milano, Italy). Infrared spectra were recorded in KBr pellets on a Nicolet Impact 400 IR spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Characteristic wavenumbers are given in cm−1. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded at ambient temperature on a Varian Mercury-Vx BB 300 spectrometer (Varian Corp., Palo Alto, CA, USA) operating at 300 MHz for 1H and 75 MHz for 13C. Chemical shifts were recorded as δ values in ppm, and were indirectly referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) via the solvent signal (2.49 for 1H, 39.7 for 13C in DMSO-d6 and 7.26 for 1H, 77.0 for 13C in CDCl3). Coupling constants J are given in Hz.

3.1.2. Synthesis of (E)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones 4a–4j

1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)ethan-1-one (0.01 mol) and a substituted benzaldehyde (0.01 mol) were dissolved in pyridine (4.4 mL). Diethylamine (0.73 g, 0.01 mol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80–120 °C for 2 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into ice water (200 mL), acidified to pH 3 with a few drops of acetic acid, and then refrigerated for 24 h. The separation of crude products from water depended on their character. Solid product 4h was filtered off and crystallized from anhydrous ethanol. Oily mixtures were extracted with diethyl ether and subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel. Light petroleum–ethyl acetate 60:40 (v/v) was used as the eluent for compounds 4a–4d and 4g, 80:20 (v/v) ratio of the two solvents was used for 4i, and compounds 4e, 4f and 4j were separated using light petroleum-ethyl acetate 90:10 (v/v). The fractions containing the desired compounds were combined and crystallized from anhydrous ethanol. Using this procedure, the following compounds were obtained:
(E)-3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (4a). Yellow solid; yield 30%; m.p. 175–178 °C; IR: 1652 (C=O), 1584 (C=C); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 10.41 (s, 1H, OH), 9.14 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.77 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.20 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-3), 8.09 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-2), , 6.98–6.92 (m, 1H, J = 1.9 Hz, H-3''), 7.69 (dd, 1H, J = 1.4 and 7.7 Hz, H-6''), 7.32–7.25 (m, 1H, H-4''), 6.91–6.84 (m, 1H, H-5''), 3.30–3.15 (m, 1H, CH), 1.29 (d, 6H, J = 7.1 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 188.5, 165.4, 157.9, 146.4, 143.2, 142.4, 140.7, 132.6, 129.7, 121.4, 120.1, 119.8, 116.6, 33.7, 22.0; EA for C16H16N2O2 (268.32) calculated 71.62% C, 6.01% H, 10.44% N, found 71.53% C, 6.15% H, 10.37% N.
(E)-3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (4b). Yellow solid; yield 18%; m.p. 154–157 °C; IR: 1637 (C=O), 1608 (C=C); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): 9.69 (bs, 1H, OH), 9.15 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.77 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.05 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-3), 7.77 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-2), 7.69 (dd, 1H, J = 1.4 and 7.7 Hz, H-6''), 7.31–7.15 (m, 3H, H-2'', H-5'', H-6''), 6.91–6.85 (m, 1H, H-4''), 3.32–3.15 (m, 1H, CH), 1.29 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): 188.1, 165.6, 158.0, 146.1, 144.9, 143.3, 142.5, 135.8, 130.4, 120.4, 120.4, 118.6, 114.8, 33.7, 22.0; EA for C16H16N2O2 (268.32) calculated 71.62% C, 6.01% H, 10.44% N, found 71.53% C, 6.15% H, 10.37% N.
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (4c). Yellow solid; yield 25%; m.p. 155–158 °C; IR: 1665 (C=O), 1592 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.57 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.04 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-3), 7.92 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-2), 7.66–7.60 (m, 2H, AA'BB', H-2'', H-6''), 6.96–6.86 (m, 2H, AA'BB', H-3'', H-5''), 6.11 (s, 1H, OH), 3.31–3.16 (m, 1H, CH), 1.39 (d, 6H, J = 7.1 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.6, 165.5, 158.5, 146.6, 145.4, 143.9, 141.5, 131.1, 127.7, 117.9, 116.0, 34.4, 22.0; EA for C16H16N2O2 (268.32) calculated 71.62% C, 6.01% H, 10.44% N, found 71.88% C, 6.01% H, 10.55% N.
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (4d). Orange-yellow solid; yield 38%; m.p. 175–177 °C; IR: 1662 (C=O), 1611 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.56 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.01 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-3), 7.91 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-2), 7.28 (dd, 1H, J = 1.9 and 8.2, H-6'', 7.22 (d, 1H, J = 1.9, H-2''), 6.96 d, 1H, J = 8.2, H-5''), 6.01 (s, 1H, OH), 3.98 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.29–3.16 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 6.8 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.4, 165.5, 148.6, 146.8, 146.6, 145.7, 144.0, 141.4, 127.5, 124.4, 117.8, 114.8, 110.0, 56.0, 34.3, 22.0; EA for C17H18N2O3 (298.34) calculated 68.44% C, 6.08% H, 9.39% N, found 68.67% C, 6.29% H, 9.23% N.
(E)-1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4e). Yellow solid; yield 3%; m.p. 59–63 °C; IR: 1668 (C=O), 1592 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.27 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.56 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.34 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-3), 8.18 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-2), 7.69 (dd, 1H, J = 1.7 and 7.7 Hz, H-6''), 7.43–7.35 (m, 1H, H-4''), 7.03–6.92 (m, 1H, H-3''and H-5''), 3.92 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.30–3.14 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.9, 165.3, 159.0, 146.7, 143.9, 141.5, 140.5, 132.1, 129.0, 123.9, 120.7, 111.2, 55.5, 34.3, 22.0; EA for C17H18N2O2 (282.34) calculated 72.32% C, 6.43% H, 9.92% N, found 72.33% C, 6.64% H, 10.00% N.
(E)-1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4f). Yellow solid; yield 2%; m.p. 100–101 °C; IR: 1662 (C=O), 1583 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.27 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.55 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.05 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-3), 7.93 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-2), 7.72–7.64 (m, AA'BB', 2H, H-2'', H-6''), 6.98–6.88 (m, AA'BB', 2H, H-3'', H-5''), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.31–3.12 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.5, 165.4, 161.9, 146.6, 145.1, 143.9, 141.5, 130.7, 127.7, 118.0, 114.4, 55.4, 34.3, 22.0; EA for C17H18N2O2 (282.34) calculated 72.32% C, 6.43% H, 9.92% N, found 72.07% C, 6.71% H, 10.01% N.
(E)-1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(2-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4g). Yellow solid; yield 21%; m.p. 101–104 °C; IR: 1672 (C=O), 16.04 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.55 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.35 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-3), 8.05 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-2), 8.08–8.03 (m, 1H, H-3''), 7.62–7.52 (m, 1H, H-4''), 7.88–7.82 (m, 1H, H-5''), 7.73–7.65 (m, 1H, H-6''), 3.31–3.15 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.0, 166.0, 148.9, 145.8, 144.1, 141.5, 140.1, 133.4, 131.1, 130.5, 129.3, 125.2, 124.9, 34.4, 22.0; EA for C16H15N3O3 (297.31) calculated 64.64% C, 5.09% H, 14.13% N, found 64.71% C, 5.25% H, 14.15% N.
(E)-1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4h). Yellow solid; yield 43%; m.p. 178–180 °C; IR: 1673 (C=O), 1609 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz, H-3'), 8.58 (d overlapped, 1H, J = 1.5 Hz, H-6'), 8.57 (t overlapped, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz, H-2''), 8.29 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-3), 8.26 (ddd overlapped, 1H, J = 1.1 and 2.1 and 8.1 Hz, H-6''), 8.01–7.96 (m, 1H, H-4''), 7.95 (d, 1H, J = 16.2 Hz, H-2), 7.62 (t, 1H, J = 8.1, H-5''), 3.32–3.16 (m, 1H, CH), 1.39 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.2, 166.2, 148.7, 145.8, 144.0, 141.8, 141.6, 136.6, 134.6, 130.0, 124.8, 123.1, 122.8, 34.4, 22.0; EA for C16H15N3O3 (297.31) calculated 64.64% C, 5.09% H, 14.13% N, found 64.51% C, 5.26% H, 14.05% N.
(E)-1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4i). Yellow solid; yield 40%; m.p. 124–127 °C; IR: 1668 (C=O), 1609 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.57 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.30–6.25 (m, 2H, AA'BB', H-3'', H-5''), 8.29 (d, 1H, J = 16.0 Hz, H-3), 7.93 (d, 1H, J = 16.0 Hz, H-2), 7.89–7.82 (m, 2H, AA'BB', H-2'', H-6''), 3.32–3.15 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.6, 165.6, 158.5, 146.6, 145.4, 143.9, 141.5, 131.1, 127.7, 117.9, 116.0, 34.4, 22.0; EA for C16H15N3O3 (297.31) calculated 64.64% C, 5.09% H, 14.13% N, found 64.47% C, 5.10% H, 14.34% N.
(E)-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (4j). Yellow solid; yield 8%; m.p. 105–108 °C; IR: 1666 (C=O), 1608 (C=C); 1H-NMR (CDCl3): 9.27 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3'), 8.55 (d, 1H, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6'), 8.15 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-3), 7.88 (d, 1H, J = 15.9 Hz, H-2), 7.68–7.60 (m, 2H, AA'BB', H-2'', H-6''), 7.43–6.35 (m, AA'BB', 2H, H-3'', H-5''), 3.30–3.14 (m, 1H, CH), 1.38 (d, 6H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (CDCl3): 188.4, 165.8, 146.1, 144.0, 143.6, 141.5, 136.7, 133.3, 130.0, 129.3, 120.8, 34.4, 22.0; EA for C16H15ClN2O (286.76) calculated 67.62% C, 5.27% H, 9.77% N, found 66.91% C, 5.36% H, 9.89% N.

3.2. Biological Evaluation

3.2.1. Evaluation of in Vitro Antifungal Activity

The antifungal activity of all compounds was evaluated by the modified microdilution broth CSLI standards [50,51]. The organisms examined included Candida albicans ATCC 44859 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA), Candida tropicalis 156, Candida krusei E 28, Candida glabrata 20/I, Trichosporon asahii 1188, Aspergillus fumigatus 231, Lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly Absidia corymbifera) 272, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes 445. All strains tested are clinical isolates obtained from the Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Before testing each strain was subcultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA; Difco/Becton Dickinson, Detroit, MI, USA) and maintained on the same medium at 4 °C.
Fungal inocula were prepared by suspending yeasts, conidia, or sporangiospores in sterile 0.85% saline. The cell density was adjusted using a Bürker’s chamber to yield a stock suspension of 1.0 ± 0.2 × 105 CFU/mL and 1.0 ± 0.2 × 106 CFU/mL for yeasts and molds, respectively. The final inoculum was made by 1:20 dilution of the stock suspension with the test medium.
The compounds were dissolved in DMSO, and the antifungal activity was determined in RPMI 1640 media (KlinLab, Prague, Czech Republic) buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Controls consisted of medium and DMSO alone. The final concentration of DMSO in the test medium did not exceed 1% (v/v) of the total solution. The concentrations of the studied substances ranged from 500 to 0.488 μmol/L. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), was defined as 80% or greater (for yeasts and yeast-like organisms—IC80), resp. 50% or greater (for molds—IC50) reduction of growth in comparison with the control. The values of MICs were determined after 24 and 48 h of static incubation at 35 °C. In the case of T. mentagrophytes, the MICs were recorded after 72 and 120 h due to its slow growth rate. Fluconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine were used as reference antifungal drug.

3.2.2. Evaluation of in Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity

Primary screening of all compounds was conducted at 6.25 μg/mL against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) in the BACTEC 12B medium using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Compounds exhibiting fluorescence were tested in the BACTEC 460-radiometric system [52]. Compounds demonstrating at least 90% inhibition in the primary screen were re-tested at lower concentrations against M. tuberculosis H37Rv to determine the actual minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the MABA. The MIC is defined as the lowest concentration effecting a reduction in fluorescence of 90% relative to controls.
The compounds that exhibited promising antimycobacterial activity were tested for cytotoxicity (CC50) in VERO cells at concentrations less than or equal to 10 times the MIC for M. tuberculosis H37Rv. After 72-h exposure, viability was assessed on the basis of cellular conversion of 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) into a formazan product using the Promega CellTiter 96 Non-radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay. The selectivity index was then calculated as the ratio of the measured CC50 in VERO cells to the MIC described above.

4. Conclusions

A series of (E)-1-(5-isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones with various substituents on the phenyl ring (ring B) was prepared and tested for antifungal and antimycobacterial activity. Their in vitro antifungal potency was compared to previously reported propyl analogs. Only Trichophyton mentagrophytes was susceptible to the tested compounds, and it was found that replacing a non-branched propyl with a branched isopropyl has no decisive and unequivocal influence on the in vitro antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes. Unfortunately, no compound exhibited efficacy comparable with that of terbinafine, which is most widely used agent for treating mycoses caused by dermatophytes. In both biological assays, the highest in vitro potency was displayed by nitro- substituted derivatives. This confirms our previous findings about the positive effect of electron-withdrawing groups on the B-ring of chalcones on their antimicrobial activity.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, projects SVV 260 057 and SVV 260 062.

Author Contributions

Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova carried out synthesis, interpreted yields, elemental analysis, IR spectra, and antimycobacterial data; Jiri Kunes recorded and interpreted NMR data; Vladimir Buchta designed antifungal assays and interpreted their results; Marcela Vejsova carried out antifungals assays; Veronika Opletalova proposed the subject, designed the study, and wrote the paper. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of all compounds, except for 4q and 5d are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kucerova-Chlupacova, M.; Kunes, J.; Buchta, V.; Vejsova, M.; Opletalova, V. Novel Pyrazine Analogs of Chalcones: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Antimycobacterial Activity. Molecules 2015, 20, 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011104

AMA Style

Kucerova-Chlupacova M, Kunes J, Buchta V, Vejsova M, Opletalova V. Novel Pyrazine Analogs of Chalcones: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Antimycobacterial Activity. Molecules. 2015; 20(1):1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011104

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kucerova-Chlupacova, Marta, Jiri Kunes, Vladimir Buchta, Marcela Vejsova, and Veronika Opletalova. 2015. "Novel Pyrazine Analogs of Chalcones: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Antifungal and Antimycobacterial Activity" Molecules 20, no. 1: 1104-1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20011104

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