Isotope Effects in ESR Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Relations to Isotope Effects
2.1. Basic Principle of ESR
2.2. Parameters of the Spin-Hamiltonian
2.2.1. The ĝ Tensor, the Interaction of Spin and Orbital Moments with the External Magnetic Induction
2.2.2. The Hyperfine Interaction
2.2.2.1. Nuclear Spin, Nuclear Magnetic Moment, Hyperfine Structure, and General Relations to Isotope Effects
2.2.2.1.1. Phenomena of Magnetic Hyperfine Structure Exemplified on the Pair of Isotopomers 1H and 2H
1H | 2H | |
---|---|---|
nuclear magnetic moment | μH = gN βN I = 1.4106 × 10−26 J T−1 | μD = gN βN I = 1.4106·× 10−26 J T−1 |
nuclear spin | I = ½ | I = 1 |
nuclear g factor | gH = 5.5856 | gD = 0.8574 |
gyromagnetic ratio | γH = μH/I h = 2.6752 × 108 s−1 T−1 | γD = μD/I h = 4.1067 × 107 s−1 T−1 |
2.2.2.1.2. Static and Dynamic Aspects of the Hyperfine Interaction
2.3. The Zero-Field Splitting
2.4. Spin Relaxation
2.5. Spin Exchange
2.6. The Magnetic Isotope Effect
2.7. Tunnel Effect Phenomenon and Its Relation to ESR and to Isotope Substitution
2.8. The Jahn-Teller Effect (JTE)
2.9. Zero-Point Vibrations and Isotope Effects
2.10. Parameters Determining the Habit of the ESR Spectra (ESR Response)
I | II | II | IV | V | • | |
VI | VII | VIII | • | • | ||
IX | X | • | • | |||
• | • | • | ||||
• | XI | |||||
*** |
2.11. Models for the Parameterization of ESR Spectra; Phenomenological ESR Parameters
3. Selected Examples
3.1. Determination of Concentrations of Paramagnetic Particles in a Sample by Means of ESR
3.2. Influence of the H-D Substitution on the g Factor
3.3. Selected Hyperfine Effects
3.3.1. ESR Detection of Effect of Isotopes in Natural Abundance
3.3.2. Evidence for Trapped Muonium, Hydrogen, and Deuterium Atoms at Ambient Temperature
3.4. Selected zfs Effects
3.5. Examples for the Jahn-Teller Effect and Vibronic Couplings
3.6. Examples for the Tunnel Effect
3.7. Influence of the Zero-Point Vibrations
3.8. Isotope Effects of the Matrix
3.8.1. Stationary Effects
3.8.1.1. H-D Exchange and Fermi Contact
3.8.1.2. Spin Probes and Polarity of the Matrix
3.8.1.3. Spin trapping
3.8.2. Dynamic Effects
3.8.2.1. Spin Relaxation
3.8.2.2. Diffusion of Spin Probes and ESR Tomography
3.8.2.3. Spin Exchange and Chemical Reactions
3.9. Indication of Some Sources Dealing with Non-cw Techniques and Modern Applications of ESR
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stößer, R.; Herrmann, W. Isotope Effects in ESR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2013, 18, 6679-6722. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18066679
Stößer R, Herrmann W. Isotope Effects in ESR Spectroscopy. Molecules. 2013; 18(6):6679-6722. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18066679
Chicago/Turabian StyleStößer, Reinhard, and Werner Herrmann. 2013. "Isotope Effects in ESR Spectroscopy" Molecules 18, no. 6: 6679-6722. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18066679