In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Emodin Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B4
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. In Vitro Experiments
2.1.1. Cytotoxicity of Emodin on HEp-2 Cells
Compound | CC50 (μM) | EC50 (μM) | Selectivity index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MTT | MTT | PRA | MTT | PRA | |
Emodin | 61.35 ± 4.40 | 14.10 ± 0.74 | 12.06 ± 1.85 | 4.35 ± 0.6 | 5.09 ± 0.3 |
Ribavirin | 2645.14 ± 54.05 | 629.99 ± 1.64 | 460.91 ± 1.23 | 4.20 ± 0.7 | 5.74 ± 0.1 |
2.1.2. Inhibitory Effect of Emodin on CVB4 Infection
2.1.3. Emodin Mitigates CVB4-Induced Apoptosis in Vitro
2.2. in Vivo Experiments
2.2.1. Emodin Increases the Survival Rate of CVB4 Infected Mice
2.2.2. Emodin Alleviates the Myocardial Lesions Induced by CVB4 Infection
Group | Pathologic score (means ± S.D.) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 day | 14 day | |||
Inflammatory infiltration | Necrosis | Inflammatory Infiltration | Necrosis | |
NC | 0.93 ± 0.67 | 0.90 ± 0.58 | 0.85 ± 0.64 | 0.80 ± 0.48 |
VC | 3.04 ± 0.29 | 3.01 ± 0.45 | 3.18 ± 0.44 | 2.94 ± 0.39 |
Ribavirin 10 mg/kg/d | 1.19 ± 0.17 ** | 1.13 ± 0.25 ** | 1.12 ± 0.46 ** | 1.05 ± 0.25 ** |
Emodin 30 mg/kg/d | 1.15 ± 0.24 ** | 1.07 ± 0.31 ** | 1.07 ± 0.33 ** | 0.99 ± 0.25 ** |
Emodin 15 mg/kg/d | 1.49 ± 0.22 ** | 1.39 ± 0.39 ** | 1.41 ± 0.20 ** | 1.33 ± 0.30 ** |
Emodin 7.5 mg/kg/d | 2.08 ± 0.12 * | 2.01 ± 0.16 * | 2.00 ± 0.22 | 1.98 ± 0.23 * |
2.2.3. Emodin Can Alter Transcription and Protein Levels of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Vivo
3. Experimental
3.1. Extraction and Isolation of Emodin
3.2. Experiments in Vitro
3.2.1. Cells and Virus Stocks
3.2.2. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity
3.2.3. Drug Treatment after Infection
3.2.4. Virucidal Assay
3.2.5. Drug Treatment before Infection
3.2.6. Plaque Reduction Assay
3.2.7. Time of Addition Assay
3.2.8. Quantification of CVB4 RNA Level
3.2.9. Detection of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry
3.3. Experiments in Vivo
3.3.1. Experimental Design and Tissue Sampling
3.3.2. Apoptosis-Related Genes Isolation and Real-Time RT-PCR
3.3.3. Immunoblot Analysis
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, Z.; Wei, F.; Chen, L.-J.; Xiong, H.-R.; Liu, Y.-Y.; Luo, F.; Hou, W.; Xiao, H.; Yang, Z.-Q. In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Emodin Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B4 . Molecules 2013, 18, 11842-11858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181011842
Liu Z, Wei F, Chen L-J, Xiong H-R, Liu Y-Y, Luo F, Hou W, Xiao H, Yang Z-Q. In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Emodin Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B4 . Molecules. 2013; 18(10):11842-11858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181011842
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zhao, Fei Wei, Liang-Jun Chen, Hai-Rong Xiong, Yuan-Yuan Liu, Fan Luo, Wei Hou, Hong Xiao, and Zhan-Qiu Yang. 2013. "In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of the Inhibitory Effects of Emodin Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B4 " Molecules 18, no. 10: 11842-11858. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181011842