Molecules 2012, 17(6), 7415-7439; doi:10.3390/molecules17067415
Article

Application of 4D-QSAR Studies to a Series of Raloxifene Analogs and Design of Potential Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Ana Carolina Rennó Sodero 1,2,* email, Nelilma Correia Romeiro 1,3 , Elaine Fontes Ferreira da Cunha 4 , Uiaran de Oliveira Magalhães 2,5 , Ricardo Bicca de Alencastro 1 , Carlos Rangel Rodrigues 2 , Lúcio Mendes Cabral 5 , Helena Carla Castro 6  and Magaly Girão Albuquerque 1,* email
1 Laboratory of Molecular Modeling (LabMMol), Program of Post-Graduation in Chemistry (PPGQu), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, RJ, Brazil 2 Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & QSAR-3D (ModMolQSAR), Faculty of Pharmacy, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil 3 UFRJ, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé 27901-000, RJ, Brazil 4 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA), University Campus, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil 5 Laboratory of Industrial Pharmaceutical Technology (LabTIF), Faculty of Pharmacy, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil 6 Laboratory of Antibiotics, Biochemistry, Education and Molecular Modeling (LABiEMol), Institute of Biology (IB), Fluminense Federal University (Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF), Campus of Valonguinho, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 12 April 2012; in revised form: 4 June 2012 / Accepted: 5 June 2012 / Published: 15 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue QSAR and Its Applications)
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Abstract: Four-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (4D-QSAR) analysis was applied on a series of 54 2-arylbenzothiophene derivatives, synthesized by Grese and coworkers, based on raloxifene (an estrogen receptor-alpha antagonist), and evaluated as ERa ligands and as inhibitors of estrogen-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The conformations of each analogue, sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation, were placed in a grid cell lattice according to three trial alignments, considering two grid cell sizes (1.0 and 2.0 Å). The QSAR equations, generated by a combined scheme of genetic algorithms (GA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, were evaluated by “leave-one-out” cross-validation, using a training set of 41 compounds. External validation was performed using a test set of 13 compounds. The obtained 4D-QSAR models are in agreement with the proposed mechanism of action for raloxifene. This study allowed a quantitative prediction of compounds’ potency and supported the design of new raloxifene analogs.
Keywords: four dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (4D-QSAR); ligand based drug design (LBDD); molecular modeling; estrogen receptor alpha (ERa); estrogen receptor beta (ERb); selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM); raloxifene; ligand binding domain (LBD)

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Sodero, A.C.R.; Romeiro, N.C.; da Cunha, E.F.F.; de Oliveira Magalhães, U.; de Alencastro, R.B.; Rodrigues, C.R.; Cabral, L.M.; Castro, H.C.; Albuquerque, M.G. Application of 4D-QSAR Studies to a Series of Raloxifene Analogs and Design of Potential Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Molecules 2012, 17, 7415-7439.

AMA Style

Sodero ACR, Romeiro NC, da Cunha EFF, de Oliveira Magalhães U, de Alencastro RB, Rodrigues CR, Cabral LM, Castro HC, Albuquerque MG. Application of 4D-QSAR Studies to a Series of Raloxifene Analogs and Design of Potential Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Molecules. 2012; 17(6):7415-7439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sodero, Ana Carolina Rennó; Romeiro, Nelilma Correia; da Cunha, Elaine Fontes Ferreira; de Oliveira Magalhães, Uiaran; de Alencastro, Ricardo Bicca; Rodrigues, Carlos Rangel; Cabral, Lúcio Mendes; Castro, Helena Carla; Albuquerque, Magaly Girão. 2012. "Application of 4D-QSAR Studies to a Series of Raloxifene Analogs and Design of Potential Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators." Molecules 17, no. 6: 7415-7439.

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