Formation, Exploration and Development of Natural Gas Hydrate

This reprint compiles key advancements in natural gas hydrate development, focusing on extraction optimization, risk mitigation, and environmental safeguards. Innovative well designs such as cluster vertical wells and horizontal serpentine configurations enhance production efficiency through depressurization, seawater injection, and hybrid gas displacement. Multi-stage depressurization significantly reduces water–gas ratios while boosting methane recovery. Sand production, wellbore instability, and cascading seabed failures from reservoir deformation constitute critical challenges. However, advanced integrated multiphysics models can predict methane leakage pathways and subsidence patterns. Breakthroughs in this field include the cyclopentane purification method using hydrate formation principles (obtaining 92% efficiency without distillation) and South China Sea studies linking geochemical heterogeneity to hydrate distribution controlled by mass transport deposits. Controlled experiments and temperature–pressure evolution models guide safe, high-yield system design in low-permeability reservoirs. This synthesis highlights balanced approaches to exploitation, prioritizing both technical feasibility and environmental sustainability, offering decision support tools for managing subsurface uncertainties during commercial-scale natural gas hydrate operations.