1 pages, 163 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Formation Mechanism of Trailing Oil in Product Oil Pipeline. Processes 2019, 7, 7
by Enbin Liu, Wensheng Li, Hongjun Cai and Shanbi Peng
Processes 2020, 8(7), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070835 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1763
Abstract
We were not aware of some errors made in the proofreading phase; therefore, we wish to make the following corrections to the mathematical equations in the text in [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Economic and Environment for Industrial Production Processes)
13 pages, 2652 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Cinnamomum Essential Oil–Chitosan Nanocomposites: Physical, Structural, and Antioxidant Activities
by Hongxia Su, Chongxing Huang, Ying Liu, Song Kong, Jian Wang, Haohe Huang and Bobo Zhang
Processes 2020, 8(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070834 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5269
Abstract
In this study, different amounts of cinnamomum essential oil (CEO) were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (CS-NPs) through oil-in-water emulsification and ionic gelation. An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, synchronous thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyze the CEO encapsulation. As [...] Read more.
In this study, different amounts of cinnamomum essential oil (CEO) were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (CS-NPs) through oil-in-water emulsification and ionic gelation. An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, synchronous thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyze the CEO encapsulation. As observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, NP size analysis and zeta potential, the prepared CS-NPs, containing CEO (CS-CEO), were spherical with uniformly distributed sizes (diameters: 190–340 nm). The ranges of encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were 4.6–32.9% and 0.9–10.4%, with variations in the starting weight ratio of CEO to CS from 0.11 to 0.53 (w/w). It was also found that the antioxidant activity of the CS-NPs loaded with CEO increased as the EE increased. The active ingredients of the CEO were prevented from being volatilized, significantly improving the chemical stability. The antioxidant activity of CS-CEO was higher than that of the free CEO. These results indicate the promising potential of CS-CEO as an antioxidant for food processing, and packaging applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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17 pages, 2071 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Total Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity of Echinacea Purpurea Extracts Using Newly Manufactured Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes
by Florin Banica, Simona Bungau, Delia Mirela Tit, Tapan Behl, Pavel Otrisal, Aurelia Cristina Nechifor, Daniela Gitea, Flavia-Maria Pavel and Sebastian Nemeth
Processes 2020, 8(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070833 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5951
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical method was used for the determination of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Echinacea purpurea extracts. In this study, 3 glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were used: one unmodified and the other two newly manufactured glassy carbon electrodes modified [...] Read more.
A sensitive electrochemical method was used for the determination of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Echinacea purpurea extracts. In this study, 3 glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were used: one unmodified and the other two newly manufactured glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and chitosan (CS) in different concentrations, having the following composition: 1 mg/mL CNTs/CS 5%/GCE and 20 mg/mL CNTs/CS 0.5%/GCE. The determinations were performed on 3 different pharmaceutical forms (capsules, tablets and tincture), which contain E. pururea extract from the root or aerial part of the plant. Standard chicoric and caftaric polyphenolic acids, as well as food supplements extracts, were characterized using voltammetry, in a Britton-Robinson (B-R) electrolyte buffer. The modified 1 mg/mL CNTs/CS 5%/GCE electrode has superior properties compared to the other two (the unmodified and 20 mg/mL CNTs/CS 0.5%/GCE-modified) electrodes used in the study. Echinacea tincture had the highest antioxidant capacity and the biggest total amount of polyphenols (28.72 mg/equivalent of 500 mg powder). Echinacea capsules had the lowest antioxidant capacity, but also the lowest total amount of polyphenols (19.50 mg/500 mg powder); similarly, tablets had approximately the same values of polyphenols content (19.80 mg/500 mg powder), and also antioxidant capacity. The total polyphenol content was consistent with the one indicated by the manufacturers. Pulse-differential cyclic voltammetry represents a rapid, simple and sensitive technique to establish the entire polyphenolic amount and the antioxidant activity of the E. purpurea extracts. Full article
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11 pages, 1644 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Using Separated-Gas Cells for Soybean Oil Hydrogenation
by Jorge Eduardo Esquerre Verastegui, Marco Antonio Zamora Antuñano, Juvenal Rodríguez Resendiz, Raul García García, Pedro Jacinto Paramo Kañetas and Daniel Larrañaga Ordaz
Processes 2020, 8(7), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070832 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4965
Abstract
Although hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, it is not possible to find it in its purest state in nature. In this study, two-stage experimentation was carried out. The first stage was hydrogen production. The second stage was an electrochemical [...] Read more.
Although hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, it is not possible to find it in its purest state in nature. In this study, two-stage experimentation was carried out. The first stage was hydrogen production. The second stage was an electrochemical process to hydrogenate soybean oil in a PEM fuel cell. In the fist stage a Zirfon Perl UTP 500 membrane was used in an alkaline hydrolizer of separated gas to produce hydrogen, achieving 9.6 L/min compared with 5.1 L/min, the maximum obtained using a conventional membrane. The hydrogen obtained was used in the second stage to feed the fuel cell hydrogenating the soybean oil. Hydrogenated soybean oil showed a substantial diminished iodine index from 131 to 54.85, which represents a percentage of 58.13. This happens when applying a voltage of 90 mV for 240 min, constant temperature of 50 °C and one atm. This result was obtained by depositing 1 mg of Pt/cm 2 in the cathode of the fuel cell. This system represents a viable alternative for the use of hydrogen in energy generation. Full article
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20 pages, 3126 KiB  
Review
Progress in Nitrogen Removal in Bioelectrochemical Systems
by Jin Sun, Hongrui Cao and Zejie Wang
Processes 2020, 8(7), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070831 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5297
Abstract
Nitrogenous compounds attract great attention because of their environmental impact and harmfulness to the health of human beings. Various biological technologies have been developed to reduce the environmental risks of nitrogenous pollutants. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are considered to be a novel biological technology [...] Read more.
Nitrogenous compounds attract great attention because of their environmental impact and harmfulness to the health of human beings. Various biological technologies have been developed to reduce the environmental risks of nitrogenous pollutants. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are considered to be a novel biological technology for removing nitrogenous contaminants by virtue of their advantages, such as low energy requirement and capacity for treating wastewaters with a low C/N ratio. Therefore, increasing attention has been given to carry out biological processes related to nitrogen removal with the aid of cathodic biofilms in BESs. Prior studies have evaluated the feasibility of conventional biological processes including nitrification, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), separately or combined together, to remove nitrogenous compounds with the help of BESs. The present review summarizes the progress of developments in BESs in terms of the biological process, cathodic biofilm, and affecting factors for efficient nitrogen removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Applications of Bioelectrochemical Systems)
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12 pages, 4871 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Water Based Ferrofluid Flows along Moving Surfaces
by Gabriella Bognár and Krisztián Hriczó
Processes 2020, 8(7), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070830 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3084
Abstract
The steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow past a stretching flat sheet in a water-based ferrofluid is investigated. The spatially varying magnetic field is created by two line currents. The similarity method is applied to transform the governing equations into a system of coupled [...] Read more.
The steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow past a stretching flat sheet in a water-based ferrofluid is investigated. The spatially varying magnetic field is created by two line currents. The similarity method is applied to transform the governing equations into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. Numerical investigations are performed for ferrofluids, the suspensions of water, and three types of ferroparticles (magnetite, cobalt ferrite, and Mn-Zn ferrite). The impact of the solid volume fraction, the surface stretching parameter, and the ferromagnetic coefficient on the dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles, the skin friction coefficient, and the local Nusselt number are analysed for the three types of ferrofluid. Full article
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13 pages, 2184 KiB  
Article
Low-Carbon Composite Based on MOC, Silica Sand and Ground Porcelain Insulator Waste
by Adam Pivák, Milena Pavlíková, Martina Záleská, Michal Lojka, Anna-Marie Lauermannová, Ondřej Jankovský and Zbyšek Pavlík
Processes 2020, 8(7), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070829 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3223
Abstract
Magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites (MOC) with silica sand/porcelain waste blended fillers were designed and tested. The objective of the presented research was to design and test low carbon, eco-friendly and viable alternatives to Portland cement-based materials. To make new materials environmentally acceptable and [...] Read more.
Magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites (MOC) with silica sand/porcelain waste blended fillers were designed and tested. The objective of the presented research was to design and test low carbon, eco-friendly and viable alternatives to Portland cement-based materials. To make new materials environmentally acceptable and sustainable, silica sand applied in the reference composite material was partially substituted by ground porcelain waste (PW) coming from used electrical insulators. The sand substitution ratio was 5, 10, and 15 vol.%. The chemical and mineralogical composition, morphology, and particle size distribution of porcelain waste were measured. For silica sand, porcelain waste, and MgO, specific density, loose bulk density, and Blaine fineness were determined. The effect of porcelain waste on the workability of fresh composite mixtures was characterized by spread diameter. The composites were characterized by their basic structural, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties. The phase composition and thermal stability at high temperatures of MOC/porcelain waste pastes were also analyzed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis helped to indicate main compounds formed within the precipitation of MOC phases and their reaction with porcelain waste. The usage of porcelain waste greatly decreased the porosity of composite matrix, which resulted in high mechanical resistance and reduced and decelerated water imbibition. The 10% sand substitution with porcelain waste brought the best mechanical resistance and the lowest water absorption due to the formation of amorphous phases, water-insoluble aluminosilicates. In case of the thermal performance of the examined composites, the low thermal conductivity of porcelain waste was the contradictory parameter to porosity and the high thermal stability of the phases present in porcelain slightly decreased the thermal decomposition of composites with porcelain waste dosage. Based on the results emerged from the experimental tests it was concluded that the partial substitution of silica sand in MOC composites enabled the development of materials possessing interesting and advanced function and technical parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Waste towards Green Growth)
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14 pages, 3463 KiB  
Article
Performance Prediction Model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Based on Neural Network Autoregressive with External Input Method
by Shan-Jen Cheng and Jing-Kai Lin
Processes 2020, 8(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070828 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
An accurate performance prediction model for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system not only contributes to the realization of the operating condition but also plays a role in long-term prediction performance. Accordingly, a research study has been developed to suitably deal with [...] Read more.
An accurate performance prediction model for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system not only contributes to the realization of the operating condition but also plays a role in long-term prediction performance. Accordingly, a research study has been developed to suitably deal with the time-series model and accurately build the performance prediction model of SOFC system based on neural network autoregressive with external input (NNARX) method. The architecture regressor parameters of the NNARX model were efficiently determined using the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) method for optimal sets. The identified and evaluated optimal parameter levels were used to conduct an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to prove correctness. Moreover, a series of statistics criteria and multi-step prediction were also employed for investigating the uncertainty of the predicted model and solve the overfitting and under fitting problems; further. These criteria were also used to determine the performance of the proposed model architecture. The predicted results of the current study indicated that the developed optimal model level parameters consistently had the least statistics errors and reduced workload of the trial-and-error processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Representative Model and Flow Characteristics of Fuel Cells)
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16 pages, 7708 KiB  
Article
Nanofluid Flow Past a Stretching Plate
by Gabriella Bognár, Mohamad Klazly and Krisztián Hriczó
Processes 2020, 8(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070827 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3173
Abstract
Viscous nanofluid flow due to a sheet moving with constant speed in an otherwise quiescent medium is studied for three types of nanofluids, such as alumina (Al2O3), titania (TiO2), and magnetite (Fe3O4), in [...] Read more.
Viscous nanofluid flow due to a sheet moving with constant speed in an otherwise quiescent medium is studied for three types of nanofluids, such as alumina (Al2O3), titania (TiO2), and magnetite (Fe3O4), in a base fluid of water. The heat and mass transfer characteristics are investigated theoretically using the boundary layer theory and numerically with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number are determined. The obtained results are in good agreement with known results from the literature. It is found that the obtained results for skin friction and for the Nusselt number are slightly greater than those obtained via boundary layer theory. Full article
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17 pages, 711 KiB  
Review
Use of Nanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Contaminants: A Review
by Edgar Vázquez-Núñez, Carlos Eduardo Molina-Guerrero, Julián Mario Peña-Castro, Fabián Fernández-Luqueño and Ma. Guadalupe de la Rosa-Álvarez
Processes 2020, 8(7), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070826 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 145 | Viewed by 15471
Abstract
Contaminants, organic or inorganic, represent a threat for the environment and human health and in recent years their presence and persistence has increased rapidly. For this reason, several technologies including bioremediation in combination with nanotechnology have been explored to identify more systemic approaches [...] Read more.
Contaminants, organic or inorganic, represent a threat for the environment and human health and in recent years their presence and persistence has increased rapidly. For this reason, several technologies including bioremediation in combination with nanotechnology have been explored to identify more systemic approaches for their removal from environmental matrices. Understanding the interaction between the contaminant, the microorganism, and the nanomaterials (NMs) is of crucial importance since positive and negative effects may be produced. For example, some nanomaterials are stimulants for microorganisms, while others are toxic. Thus, proper selection is of paramount importance. The main objective of this review was to analyze the principles of bioremediation assisted by nanomaterials, nanoparticles (NPs) included, and their interaction with environmental matrices. It also analyzed the response of living organisms employed to remediate the contaminants in the presence of nanomaterials. Besides, we discuss the international regulatory frame applicable to these technologies and how they might contribute to sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study of Biodegradation and Bioremediation)
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21 pages, 1459 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Renewable Energy Sources of a Developing Country for Sustainable Development: An Integrated Fuzzy Based-Decision Methodology
by Yasir Ahmed Solangi, Cheng Longsheng, Syed Ahsan Ali Shah, Ahmed Alsanad, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Azeem Akbar, Abdu Gumaei and Sharafat Ali
Processes 2020, 8(7), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070825 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 5670
Abstract
Global human pollutant activities have raised greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have directly affected the climate. Fossil fuel-based energy has brought a negative impact on the environment and is considered one of the largest sources of GHG emissions. It is envisaged that GHG [...] Read more.
Global human pollutant activities have raised greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which have directly affected the climate. Fossil fuel-based energy has brought a negative impact on the environment and is considered one of the largest sources of GHG emissions. It is envisaged that GHG emissions will increase in the future due to rapid population growth and industrialization. Thus, it is imperative to mitigate climate variability and reduce GHGs by adopting renewable energy (RE) sources for electricity generation. In this regard, the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process would serve the purpose of framing out energy policy to analyze these environmentally friendly energy sources. This study uses an integrated decision methodology—a combination of Delphi, fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), and the fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (FWASPAS)—for the adoption of RE sources for electricity generation in Turkey. Initially, the study identified five main criteria and seventeen sub-criteria using the Delphi method. Then, the FAHP method was used to evaluate and rank the main criteria and sub-criteria. Finally, the FWASPAS method was used to assess and prioritize five major RE sources for electricity generation. The FAHP analysis indicated that political criteria are the most influential, followed by economic and technical criteria. Further, the FWASPAS method revealed that wind energy is the most significant option for electricity generation. This decision-making process can help the energy planners to utilize RE sources for sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Expansion Planning)
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9 pages, 2163 KiB  
Article
Diffusion Bonding of Al–Fe Enhanced by Gallium
by Asmawi Ismail, Warda Bahanan, Patthi Bin Hussain, Asmalina Mohamed Saat and Nagoor Basha Shaik
Processes 2020, 8(7), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070824 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3482
Abstract
In this research, diffusion bonding was carried out to produce transition joints between mild steel A36 (Fe A36) and aluminium Al 5083 (AA5083) with the presence of gallium (Ga) as an interlayer between the two faying surfaces. The microstructural development and interfacial growth [...] Read more.
In this research, diffusion bonding was carried out to produce transition joints between mild steel A36 (Fe A36) and aluminium Al 5083 (AA5083) with the presence of gallium (Ga) as an interlayer between the two faying surfaces. The microstructural development and interfacial growth of intermetallic compounds at the interface layer between Fe A36 and AA5083 after the diffusion bonding process were investigated. The joining was performed by clamping the two materials with a Ga interlayer and then heated in a furnace. The interlayer developed from this diffusion heating in air condition provides an average thickness of 30 μm. Characterization of intermetallic compounds was conducted using SEM-EDX and XRD. The results showed that SEM-EDX confirmed the occurrence of interdiffusion of elements from Fe A36 and AA5083 present at interlayer. XRD analysis reveals the formation of Fe3Al at the diffusion layer. Full article
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10 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Identification of Copper in Stems and Roots of Jatropha curcas L. by Hyperspectral Imaging
by Juan Francisco García-Martín, Amanda Teixeira Badaró, Douglas Fernandes Barbin and Paloma Álvarez-Mateos
Processes 2020, 8(7), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070823 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3254
Abstract
The in situ determination of metals in plants used for phytoremediation is still a challenge that must be overcome to control the plant stress over time due to metals uptake as well as to quantify the concentration of these metals in the biomass [...] Read more.
The in situ determination of metals in plants used for phytoremediation is still a challenge that must be overcome to control the plant stress over time due to metals uptake as well as to quantify the concentration of these metals in the biomass for further potential applications. In this exploratory study, we acquired hyperspectral images in the visible/near infrared regions of dried and ground stems and roots of Jatropha curcas L. to which different amounts of copper (Cu) were added. The spectral information was extracted from the images to build classification models based on the concentration of Cu. Optimum wavelengths were selected from the peaks and valleys showed in the loadings plots resulting from principal component analysis, thus reducing the number of spectral variables. Linear discriminant analysis was subsequently performed using these optimum wavelengths. It was possible to differentiate samples without addition of copper from samples with low (0.5–1% wt.) and high (5% wt.) amounts of copper (83.93% accuracy, >0.70 sensitivity and specificity). This technique could be used after enhancing prediction models with a higher amount of samples and after determining the potential interference of other compounds present in plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study of Biodegradation and Bioremediation)
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12 pages, 1356 KiB  
Article
Methanogens Diversity during Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Stabilization and the Effect of Temperature
by Tomáš Vítěz, David Novák, Jan Lochman and Monika Vítězová
Processes 2020, 8(7), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070822 - 12 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3868
Abstract
Anaerobic sludge stabilization is a commonly used technology. Most fermenters are operated at a mesophilic temperature regime. Modern trends in waste management aim to minimize waste generation. One of the strategies can be achieved by anaerobically stabilizing the sludge by raising the temperature. [...] Read more.
Anaerobic sludge stabilization is a commonly used technology. Most fermenters are operated at a mesophilic temperature regime. Modern trends in waste management aim to minimize waste generation. One of the strategies can be achieved by anaerobically stabilizing the sludge by raising the temperature. Higher temperatures will allow faster decomposition of organic matter, shortening the retention time, and increasing biogas production. This work is focused on the description of changes in the community of methanogenic microorganisms at different temperatures during the sludge stabilization. At higher temperatures, biogas contained a higher percentage of methane, however, there was an undesirable accumulation of ammonia in the fermenter. Representatives of the hydrogenotrophic genus Methanoliea were described at all temperatures tested. At temperatures up to 50 °C, a significant proportion of methanogens were also formed by acetoclastic representatives of Methanosaeta sp. and acetoclastic representatives of the order Methanosarcinales. The composition of methanogens in the fermenter significantly changed at 60 °C when typically thermophilic species, like Methanothermobacter marburgensis, appeared. A decrease in the diversity of methanogens was observed, and typical hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea isolated from fermenters of biogas plants and anaerobic wastewater treatment plants represented by genus Methanoculleus were no longer present. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment)
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19 pages, 6235 KiB  
Article
Visual-Based Multi-Section Welding Path Generation Algorithm
by Hong Lu, Mingtian Ma, Shu Liu, Essa Alghannam, Yue Zang, Shuo Li and Weixin Zhang
Processes 2020, 8(7), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070821 - 11 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3053
Abstract
As an important form of additive manufacturing, welding is widely used in steel components welding work of construction, shipbuilding and other fields. In this study, an intelligent welding path generation algorithm based on multi-section interpolation is proposed in order to deal with non-standard [...] Read more.
As an important form of additive manufacturing, welding is widely used in steel components welding work of construction, shipbuilding and other fields. In this study, an intelligent welding path generation algorithm based on multi-section interpolation is proposed in order to deal with non-standard multi-pass welding grooves which are difficult to be handled by automatic welding equipment in the construction site. Firstly, the non-standard grooves are classified and the reasons for their occurrence are discussed. Secondly, an automatic welding additive manufacturing system framework is discussed and an appropriate detection method is selected. Then, combining with the welding standard of non-standard grooves and the characteristics of the welding process, a multi-section interpolation-based welding path generation algorithm is proposed. Finally, a visual experiment platform was built to detection the typical non-standard groove and the welding experiment is implemented to verify the feasibility of the algorithm. According to the path generated by the algorithm, the welded steel components test plate meets the actual engineering standard after quality inspection. The experimental results and simulation results conclude the algorithm can be used to generate the welding path of the non-standard groove. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section AI-Enabled Process Engineering)
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