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Smart Cities
Special Issues
Challenges and Opportunities in Electromobility
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Challenges and Opportunities in Electromobility

A special issue of Smart Cities (ISSN 2624-6511). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy and ICT".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 11616

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Robert Basmadjian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chair of Energy Informatic, TU Clausthal
Interests: energy informatics; computational science; distributed energy systems; queuing theory

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electromobility is envisaged to play a crucial role in the decarbonisation of our cities, specifically in reducing the air and noise pollutions caused by traditional transportation systems. Despite the fact that an increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) is introduced to our cities, their amount is still not comparable to that of combustion-engine ones. Seamless integration of EVs into our daily lives has not happened yet due to (1) insufficient charging infrastructure compared to the availability of petrol stations, (2) limited long-distance travelling range (i.e., 200–350 km) and (3) long charging times.

ICT together with IoT (Internet of Things) are promising technologies in enabling smart services that on the one hand tackle the above-mentioned challenges of electromobility and on the other hand demonstrate new opportunities for seamless integration of EVs. However, in order that such services receive the acceptance of the citizens of our modern cities, security and interoperability aspects need to be taken into account. Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has received a lot of attention as an emerging new technology, which provides means for forecasting which is necessary in the decision making within the context of Electromobility.        

This Special Issue aims at discussing the existing and new challenges as well as opportunities of electromobility. To this end, the submission of scientific contributions is recommended that (1) tackle topics of interoperability, security, as well as machine learning techniques and (2) demonstrate the advancements in the state-of-the-art focusing on the different involved stakeholders of electromobility (e.g., charging service provider, distribution system operator, EV users), application of demand-side management (DSM) ,and dynamic pricing schemes.

Prof. Dr. Robert Basmadjian
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Smart Cities is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Data-based forecasts
  • Interoperable architecture
  • Security and privacy
  • Charging infrastructure
  • Optimization formulation
  • Demand-side management
  • Dynamic pricing
  • Emerging new IoT technologies

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 721 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Pricing for Charging of EVs with Monte Carlo Tree Search
by Jan Mrkos and Robert Basmadjian
Smart Cities 2022, 5(1), 223-240; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5010014 - 27 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2722
Abstract
As electric vehicles (EVs) are slowly becoming a common occurrence on roads, commercial EV charging is becoming a standard commercial service. With this development, charging station operators are looking for ways to make their charging services more profitable or allocate the available resources [...] Read more.
As electric vehicles (EVs) are slowly becoming a common occurrence on roads, commercial EV charging is becoming a standard commercial service. With this development, charging station operators are looking for ways to make their charging services more profitable or allocate the available resources optimally. Dynamic pricing is a proven technique to increase revenue in markets with heterogeneous demand. This paper proposes a Markov Decision Process (MDP)-based approach to revenue- or utilization- maximizing dynamic pricing for charging station operators. We implement the method using a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm and evaluate it in simulation using a range of problem instances based on a real-world dataset of EV charging sessions. We show that our approach provides near-optimal pricing decisions in milliseconds for large-scale problems, significantly increasing revenue or utilization over the flat-rate baseline under a range of parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities in Electromobility)
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24 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
Communication Vulnerabilities in Electric Mobility HCP Systems: A Semi-Quantitative Analysis
by Robert Basmadjian
Smart Cities 2021, 4(1), 405-428; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010023 - 20 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3378
Abstract
An electric mobility ecosystem, which resembles a human-centred cyber physical (HCP) system, consists of several interacting sub-systems that constantly communicate with each other. Cyber-security of such systems is an important aspect as vulnerability of one sub-system propagates to the entire system, thus putting [...] Read more.
An electric mobility ecosystem, which resembles a human-centred cyber physical (HCP) system, consists of several interacting sub-systems that constantly communicate with each other. Cyber-security of such systems is an important aspect as vulnerability of one sub-system propagates to the entire system, thus putting it into risk. Risk assessment requires modelling of threats and their impacts on the system. Due to lack of available information on all possible threats of a given system, it is generally more convenient to assess the level of vulnerabilities either qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. In this paper, we adopt the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS) methodology in order to assess semi-quantitatively the vulnerabilities of the communication in electric mobility human-centred cyber physical systems. To this end, we present the most relevant sub-systems, their roles as well as exchanged information. Furthermore, we give the considered threats and corresponding security requirements. Using the CVSS methodology, we then conduct an analysis of vulnerabilities for every pair of communicating sub-systems. Among them, we show that the sub-systems between charging station operator (CSO) and electric vehicle supply equipment (charging box) as well as CSO and electric mobility service provider are the most vulnerable in the end-to-end chain of electric mobility. These results pave the way to system designers to assess the operational security risks, and hence to take the most adequate decisions, when implementing such electric mobility HCP systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities in Electromobility)
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23 pages, 2854 KiB  
Article
A Reference Architecture for Interoperable Reservation Systems in Electric Vehicle Charging
by Robert Basmadjian, Benedikt Kirpes, Jan Mrkos and Marek Cuchý
Smart Cities 2020, 3(4), 1405-1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040067 - 21 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3942
Abstract
The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces the challenges of insufficient capacity and long charging duration. These challenges decrease the electric vehicle users’ satisfaction and lower the profits of infrastructure providers. Reservation systems can mitigate these issues. We introduce a reference architecture for [...] Read more.
The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces the challenges of insufficient capacity and long charging duration. These challenges decrease the electric vehicle users’ satisfaction and lower the profits of infrastructure providers. Reservation systems can mitigate these issues. We introduce a reference architecture for interoperable reservation systems. The advantages of the proposed architecture are: it (1) considers the needs of the most relevant electric mobility stakeholders, (2) satisfies the interoperability requirements of existing technological heterogeneity, and (3) provides a classification of reservation types based on a morphological methodology. We instantiate the reference architecture and verify its interoperability and fulfillment of stakeholder requirements. Further, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept by instantiating and implementing an ad-hoc reservation approach. Our validation was based on simulations of real-world case studies for various reservation deployments in the Netherlands. We conclude that, in certain high demand situations, reservations can save significant time for electric vehicle trips. The findings indicate that a reservation system does not directly increase the utilization of the charging infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities in Electromobility)
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