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Polymers
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Polymer-Based Adsorbents
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Polymer-Based Adsorbents

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2022) | Viewed by 16243

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Daniela Suteu

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Guest Editor
Department of Organic, Biochemical and Food Engineering, ‘Cristofor Simionescu’ Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environment Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
Interests: adsorption; biosorption; natural/synthetic adsorbents; wastewater treatment; chemical pollutants; organic dyes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Materials are the essence of the development of human civilization. Their evolution preceded and sometimes succeeded human and/or technological development. New materials, in their various forms and structures, whether simple or composite, natural or synthetic, obtained by chemical synthesis or biotechnology or coming from the processing of renewable raw materials or classical synthetic materials, are the basis for the development of various modern technologies and manufacturing of high-quality products or of high-performance separation methods applicable in various fields: from environmental protection to ensuring the quality of life of people (medicine, for example).

However, adsorption represents even now a viable alternative due to its major advantages of high efficiency and low cost, increased process sensibility, increased selectivity, reduced matrix effects, and possibility of simultaneous achievement of pre-concentration and proper estimation. The greatest advantage of this method, however, is the possibility to use a vast list of materials as adsorbents. The choice of adsorbent is usually based on the respective requirements around selectivity, sorption capacity, kinetic features, physical–chemical stability, mechanical strength, ease of regeneration, and availability at low cost. As they meet many of these criteria and have great adsorptive features, synthetic and engineered materials, such as synthetic resins, modified celluloses, polyamide, ion exchange celluloses, functionalized polymers (with chelating group, textile dyes), and natural polymers constitute, in many instances, excellent candidates.

Prof. Dr. Daniela Suteu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adsorbents
  • adsorption
  • aqueous solution
  • biosorption
  • chemical functionalized polymers
  • cellulose
  • environmental protection
  • lignocelluloses
  • natural polymers
  • synthetic polymers

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
Biosorbent Based on Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Tricarboxi-Cellulose Designed to Retain Organic Dyes from Aqueous Media
by Ramona-Elena Tataru-Farmus, Ramona Cimpoesu, Iulia Nica and Daniela Suteu
Polymers 2023, 15(3), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030715 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1330
Abstract
Methylene Blue, a cationic dye, was retained from aqueous solutions using a novel biosorbent made of poly(vinyl alcohol) reticulated with tricarboxi-cellulose produced via TEMPO oxidation (OxC25). The study of the Methylene Blue biosorption process was performed with an emphasis on operational parameters that [...] Read more.
Methylene Blue, a cationic dye, was retained from aqueous solutions using a novel biosorbent made of poly(vinyl alcohol) reticulated with tricarboxi-cellulose produced via TEMPO oxidation (OxC25). The study of the Methylene Blue biosorption process was performed with an emphasis on operational parameters that may have an impact on it (such as biosorbent concentration, pH of the aqueous media, and temperature). The current study focused on three areas: (i) the physic-chemical characterization of the biosorbent (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)); (ii) biosorption data modeling to determine the quantitative characteristic parameters employing three equilibrium isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich—DR); and (iii) the study of temperature influence. The results of the study showed that the Langmuir model provided a good fit for the experimental data of biosorption, realizing a maximum capacity of 806.45 mg/g at 20 °C. The free energy of biosorption (E) evaluated by the DR equation was in the range of 6.48–10.86 KJ/mol. The values of the thermodynamic parameters indicated an endothermic process because the free Gibbs energy ranged from −9.286 KJ/mol to −2.208 KJ/mol and the enthalpy was approximately −71.686 KJ/mol. The results obtained encourage and motivate the further study of this biosorption process by focusing on its kinetic aspects, establishing the biosorption’s controlled steps, identifying the mechanism responsible for the retention of textile dyes presented in moderate concentration in aqueous media, and studying the biosorption process in a dynamic regime with a view to applying it to real systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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20 pages, 3750 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Paraquat by Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Cyclodextrin Nanosponges
by Ekkachai Martwong, Santi Chuetor and Jatupol Junthip
Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4110; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234110 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2488
Abstract
The contamination of hydrosoluble pesticides in water could generate a serious problem for biotic and abiotic components. The removal of a hazardous agrochemical (paraquat) from water was achieved by adsorption processes using poly(vinyl alcohol)-cyclodextrin nanosponges, which were prepared with various formulations via the [...] Read more.
The contamination of hydrosoluble pesticides in water could generate a serious problem for biotic and abiotic components. The removal of a hazardous agrochemical (paraquat) from water was achieved by adsorption processes using poly(vinyl alcohol)-cyclodextrin nanosponges, which were prepared with various formulations via the crosslinking between citric acid and β-cyclodextrin in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol). The physicochemical properties of nanosponges were also characterized by different techniques, such as gravimetry, thermogravimetry, microscopy (SEM and Stereo), spectroscopy (UV-visible, NMR, ATR-FTIR, and Raman), acid-base titration, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, and ion exchange capacity. The C10D-P2 nanosponges displayed 60.2% yield, 3.14 mmol/g COOH groups, 0.335 mmol/g β-CD content, 96.4% swelling, 94.5% paraquat removal, 0.1766 m2 g−1 specific surface area, and 5.2 × 10−4 cm3 g−1 pore volume. The presence of particular peaks referring to specific functional groups on spectroscopic spectra confirmed the successful polycondensation on the reticulated nanosponges. The pseudo second-order model (with R2 = 0.9998) and Langmuir isotherm (with R2 = 0.9979) was suitable for kinetics and isotherm using 180 min of contact time and a pH of 6.5. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated at 112.2 mg/g. Finally, the recyclability of these nanosponges was 90.3% of paraquat removal after five regeneration times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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16 pages, 29804 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide
by Mohd Sahfani Hafizuddin, Chuan Li Lee, Kit Ling Chin, Paik San H’ng, Pui San Khoo and Umer Rashid
Polymers 2021, 13(22), 3954; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223954 - 16 Nov 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3932
Abstract
The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The effects of the carbonization temperature and NaOH concentration on the physiochemical properties, adsorption capability, specific surface area, surface morphology, and surface chemistry of PKS and CS were evaluated in this study. The results show that surface-modified activated carbons presented higher surface area values (CS: 356.87 m2 g−1, PKS: 427.64 m2 g−1), smaller pore size (CS: 2.24 nm, PKS: 1.99 nm), and larger pore volume (CS: 0.34 cm3 g−1, PKS: 0.30 cm3 g−1) than the untreated activated carbon, demonstrating that the NaOH surface modification was efficient enough to improve the surface characteristics of the activated carbon. Moreover, surface modification via 25% NaOH greatly increases the active functional group of activated carbon, thereby directly increasing the adsorption capability of activated carbon (CS: 527.44 mg g−1, PKS: 627.03 mg g−1). By applying the NaOH post-treatment as the ultimate surface modification technique to the activated carbon derived from PKS and CS, a highly microporous structure was produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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14 pages, 3842 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon Fibers Derived from Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Fibers Stabilized at a Low Temperature
by Kwan-Woo Kim, Hye-Min Lee, Seong-Hyun Kang and Byung-Joo Kim
Polymers 2021, 13(22), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223918 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1959
Abstract
In this study, activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared using a new method from polyethylene (PE) fibers. The stabilizing (or crosslinking) process of PE, an essential step, was achieved through a hybrid treatment using electron-beam/sulfuric acid at 110 °C that was more effective [...] Read more.
In this study, activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared using a new method from polyethylene (PE) fibers. The stabilizing (or crosslinking) process of PE, an essential step, was achieved through a hybrid treatment using electron-beam/sulfuric acid at 110 °C that was more effective than the traditional method of using sulfuric acid at 180 °C for polyolefin. The stabilized precursor was then carbonized at 700 °C and activated at 900 °C with different activation times. The structural characteristics and morphologies of these ACFs were observed using an X-ray diffractometer and a field-emission scanning electron microscope, respectively. In addition, the N2/77K adsorption isotherm was used to discern textural properties. The total pore volume and specific surface area of these ACFs were found to be increased with a longer activation time, reaching final values of 0.99 cm3/g and 1750 m2/g, respectively. These ACFs also exhibited a high mesopore volume ratio (39%) according to crosslinking and crystallite formation conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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15 pages, 4278 KiB  
Article
Hydrogel Based on Tricarboxi-Cellulose and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Used as Biosorbent for Cobalt Ions Retention
by Iulia Nica, Carmen Zaharia and Daniela Suteu
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091444 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1812
Abstract
A biomaterial based on poly(vinyl alcohol) reticulated with tricarboxi-cellulose obtained by TEMPO oxidation (OxC25) was used as a new biosorbent for Co(II) ions retention from aqueous solutions. The biosorption process of Co(II) ions was studied while mainly considering the operational factors that can [...] Read more.
A biomaterial based on poly(vinyl alcohol) reticulated with tricarboxi-cellulose obtained by TEMPO oxidation (OxC25) was used as a new biosorbent for Co(II) ions retention from aqueous solutions. The biosorption process of Co(II) ions was studied while mainly considering the operational factors that can influence it (i.e., biosorbent concentration, pH of the aqueous media, temperature and contact time of the phases). The maximum adsorption capacity was 181.82 mg/g, with the biosorption well fitted by the Langmuir model. The kinetic modeling of the biosorption process was based on certain models: Lagergreen (pseudo first order model), Ho (pseudo second order model), Elovich (heterogeneous biosorbent model), Webber–Morris (intraparticle diffusion model) and McKay (film diffusion model). The corresponding kinetic model suggests that this biosorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and was developed in two controlled steps beginning with film diffusion and followed by intraparticles diffusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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18 pages, 5223 KiB  
Article
In Situ Preparation of Novel Porous Nanocomposite Hydrogel as Effective Adsorbent for the Removal of Cationic Dyes from Polluted Water
by Badr M. Thamer, Ali Aldalbahi, Meera Moydeen A. and Mohamed H. El-Newehy
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 3002; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123002 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2821
Abstract
The use of some hydrogels as adsorbents for pollutants removal from wastewater is limited due to their high swelling properties and the difficulty in recovering them after the adsorption process. To overcome these problems, a new hydrogel nanocomposite based on chitosan-grafted-polyacrylic acid/oxidized electrospun [...] Read more.
The use of some hydrogels as adsorbents for pollutants removal from wastewater is limited due to their high swelling properties and the difficulty in recovering them after the adsorption process. To overcome these problems, a new hydrogel nanocomposite based on chitosan-grafted-polyacrylic acid/oxidized electrospun carbon nanofibers (CT-g-PAA/O-ECNFs) was prepared by an in situ grafting polymerization process. The prepared hydrogel nanocomposite was used as a novel effective and highly reusable adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from polluted water with low cost. The morphology and the structure of CT-g-PAA/O-ECNFs were investigated by numerous techniques. The effect of incorporating O-ECNFs on the swelling capability of the prepared hydrogel was explored in distillated water and MB solution at normal pH. The effect of parameters including ratio of O-ECNFs, contact time, pH, initial concentration, and temperature on adsorption process were explored. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic were studied by numerous non-linear models. The obtained results confirmed that the incorporation of O-ECNFs into the hydrogel network decreased the swelling capacity and improved its ability towards MB dye removal. The adsorption process depended on the pH value of the dye solution. Additionally, the adsorption and kinetic results were fitted using the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second order model (PSO), respectively. Moreover, the new adsorbents can be recycled for at least five cycles keeping its adsorption capacity and can be easily recovered without loss in its initial weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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Review

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24 pages, 1370 KiB  
Review
Polymeric Biomass Derived Adsorbents for Co(II) Remediation, Recycling and Analysis
by Lavinia Tofan
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091647 - 19 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2038
Abstract
The gradual replacement of conventional materials with materials tailored to the green development goals is one of the needs of the day. Correspondingly, this article reviews and integrates, for the first time, the gathered knowledge on the use of the adsorbents based on [...] Read more.
The gradual replacement of conventional materials with materials tailored to the green development goals is one of the needs of the day. Correspondingly, this article reviews and integrates, for the first time, the gathered knowledge on the use of the adsorbents based on polymeric biomasses (biosorbents) for a cleaner separation of cobalt (Co) from synthetic and actual solutions. It is a two-part comprehensive approach that debates the Co biosorption potential of bio-based polymers from the perspective of their virtual and real applications for decontamination, recovery, and analytical purposes. First, the removal performances of these materials to batch and fixed column biosorption of Co(II) from mono-component and multi-metallic laboratory solutions are systematized and discussed. Following that, the focus of the first part is shifted to the analytical capabilities of the biosorbents proposed for Co(II) quantification from synthetic solutions. The second section considers the polymeric biomasses successfully incorporated in practical strategies for the removal and recovery of Co(II) from real solutions. The opportunities provided by the use of biosorbents for the development of accurate and greener procedures in Co(II) analysis are also highlighted. The directions in which the research on this topic should be continued and strengthened are suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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20 pages, 3183 KiB  
Review
Polysaccharides as Support for Microbial Biomass-Based Adsorbents with Applications in Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes
by Alexandra Cristina Blaga, Carmen Zaharia and Daniela Suteu
Polymers 2021, 13(17), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172893 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 3873
Abstract
The use of biosorbents for the decontamination of industrial effluent (e.g., wastewater treatment) by retaining non-biodegradable pollutants (antibiotics, dyes, and heavy metals) has been investigated in order to develop inexpensive and effective techniques. The exacerbated water pollution crisis is a huge threat to [...] Read more.
The use of biosorbents for the decontamination of industrial effluent (e.g., wastewater treatment) by retaining non-biodegradable pollutants (antibiotics, dyes, and heavy metals) has been investigated in order to develop inexpensive and effective techniques. The exacerbated water pollution crisis is a huge threat to the global economy, especially in association with the rapid development of industry; thus, the sustainable reuse of different treated water resources has become a worldwide necessity. This review investigates the use of different natural (living and non-living) microbial biomass types containing polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids (natural polymers) as biosorbents in free and immobilized forms. Microbial biomass immobilization performed by using polymeric support (i.e., polysaccharides) would ensure the production of efficient biosorbents, with good mechanical resistance and easy separation ability, utilized in different effluents’ depollution. Biomass-based biosorbents, due to their outstanding biosorption abilities and good efficiency for effluent treatment (concentrated or diluted solutions of residuals/contaminants), need to be used in industrial environmental applications, to improve environmental sustainability of the economic activities. This review presents the most recent advances related the main polymers such as polysaccharides and microbial cells used for biosorbents production; a detailed analysis of the biosorption capability of algal, bacterial and fungal biomass; as well as a series of specific applications for retaining metal ions and organic dyes. Even if biosorption offers many advantages, the complexity of operation increased by the presence of multiple pollutants in real wastewater combined with insufficient knowledge on desorption and regeneration capacity of biosorbents (mostly used in laboratory scale) requires more large-scale biosorption experiments in order to adequately choose a type of biomass but also a polymeric support for an efficient treatment process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Adsorbents)
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