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Polymers
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Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses
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Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2024 | Viewed by 7616

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jun Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Key Laboratory of Transient Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: multiscale modeling; fiber reinforcement; impact dynamics
Prof. Dr. Jianguo Liang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Interests: carbon fiber reinforced polymer; laminate composites; composite pressure vessel

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Characterized by being lightweight and having excellent mechanical properties compared to traditional metals, polymer matrix composites composed of reinforcements and polymer matrices are being increasingly sought after for use in high-performance and diverse industrial fields, e.g., aerospace, automobile, construction, marine, etc. Because the macroscopic behavior of polymer composites is highly determined by microscale factors such as volume fractions as well as fabrication, in-depth understanding of the physical and mechanical behaviors that govern at various scales may further promote their extensive application under multiphysics conditions. Non-destructive testing is a promising method that can be used to reveal the insight mechanism of microscale responses which reflects both thermal change and mechanical strain.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to highlight the latest original results in the engineering applications of composite materials based on multiscale and/or multiphysics analyses, including forming, testing through service life and damage evaluation.

Dr. Jun Feng
Prof. Dr. Jianguo Liang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fiber reinforced polymer
  • synthetic and/or natural fibers
  • polymer matrix composite
  • thermosetting CFRP
  • multiscale modeling
  • thermial-mechanical coupling
  • modeling and optimization
  • non-destructive testing
  • strength and fatigue evaluation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 3039 KiB  
Article
Automated Quantification of Interlaminar Delaminations in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers via High-Resolution Ultrasonic Testing
by Khaled Matalgah, Pruthul Kokkada Ravindranath, Daniel Pulipati and Trevor J. Fleck
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4691; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244691 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 841
Abstract
This article presents a method of ultrasonic testing (UT) that detects and quantifies interlaminar delaminations in CFRP composites with high resolution in terms of both spatial resolution in the planar dimension and depth into the laminate. Unidirectional and woven CFRP laminates were fabricated [...] Read more.
This article presents a method of ultrasonic testing (UT) that detects and quantifies interlaminar delaminations in CFRP composites with high resolution in terms of both spatial resolution in the planar dimension and depth into the laminate. Unidirectional and woven CFRP laminates were fabricated for this study, with a PTFE film inserted at various depths throughout the laminate to act as intentional crack initiation sites. All samples were mechanically tested via a three-point, end-notched flexure (ENF) test, followed by a quantification of the extent of the induced interlaminar delaminations using UT and X-ray computed tomography (CT). UT analysis for unidirectional CFRP samples was able to show a clear contrast between the delaminated area and the non-delaminated area. UT analysis of the woven CFRP samples yielded comparable results but required finer tuning of analysis parameters due to the interlocking woven fabric. CT results revealed a significant contrast between the crack and composite; thus, fine geometrical features of the crack front could be observed. UT and CT measurements were then compared, revealing an average difference of 1.09% in the delamination area, with UT overestimating as compared to CT. A UT depth study was also performed to automatically locate the interlaminar delamination at different depths throughout the components, with the delamination being predicted within one lamina interface for all samples. These results demonstrate UT’s ability to accurately detect and quantify the extent and location of interlaminar delaminations due to bending. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses)
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15 pages, 3620 KiB  
Article
Damage Localization, Identification and Evolution Studies during Quasi-Static Indentation of CFRP Composite Using Acoustic Emission
by Jinbo Du, Han Wang, Liang Cheng, Yunbo Bi and Di Yang
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4633; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244633 - 7 Dec 2023
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Quasi-static indentation (QSI) experiments are conducted to investigate the localization, identification and evolution of induced damage in laminate composite up to delamination initiation using acoustic emission (AE) techniques. In this study, we propose a continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based damage localization method for composites, [...] Read more.
Quasi-static indentation (QSI) experiments are conducted to investigate the localization, identification and evolution of induced damage in laminate composite up to delamination initiation using acoustic emission (AE) techniques. In this study, we propose a continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based damage localization method for composites, which can simultaneously identify two damage modes, namely matrix cracking and delamination. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed algorithm, which utilizes the arrival time difference within a specific frequency band of the AE signal, effectively reduces the average location error from 3.81% to 2.31% compared to the existing method. Furthermore, the average signal location time has significantly decreased from several minutes to a mere 2 s. Matrix cracking and delamination are identified based on the maximum frequency band of CWT. Both types of damage exhibit prominent peaks within the 40 kHz–50 kHz frequency range, indicating their shared nature as manifestations of matrix damage, albeit with distinct modes of presentation. The first damage pattern that occurs is matrix cracking, succeeded by delamination damage. The nonlinear phase of the mechanical response curve is associated with the rapid aggregation of matrix cracking. Before the onset of macroscopic delamination damage, microscopic delamination damage begins to accumulate. A concentration of high-energy delamination damage signals predicts the initiation of macroscopic delamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses)
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15 pages, 12758 KiB  
Article
Petal-like Patterning of Polylactide/Poly (Butylene Succinate) Thin Films Induced by Phase Separation
by Lili Wang, Yujie Wang, Chudi Mou, Wanjie Wang, Chengshen Zhu, Suqin He, Hao Liu and Wentao Liu
Polymers 2023, 15(22), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15224463 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics are attracting attention as a solution to the problems caused by plastic waste. Among biodegradable plastics, polylactide (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) are particularly noteworthy because of their excellent biodegradability. However, the drawbacks of their mechanical properties prompts the need [...] Read more.
Biodegradable plastics are attracting attention as a solution to the problems caused by plastic waste. Among biodegradable plastics, polylactide (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) are particularly noteworthy because of their excellent biodegradability. However, the drawbacks of their mechanical properties prompts the need to compound them to achieve the desired strength. The characteristics of the interface of the composite material determine the realization of its final performance. The study of the interface and microstructure of composites is essential for the development of products from degradable polymers. The morphology evolution and microcrystal structure of spin-casted fully biodegradable (PLA/PBS) blend films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanical mapping. Results show that intact blend films present an obvious phase separation, where the PBS phase is uniformly dispersed in the PLA phase in the form of pores. Furthermore, the size and number of the PBS phase have a power exponential relationship and linear relationship with PBS loading, respectively. Intriguingly, after annealing at 80 °C for 30 min, the PLA phase formed an orderly petal-like microcrystalline structure centered on the PBS phase. Moreover, the microcrystalline morphology changed from a “daisy type” to a “sunflower type” with the increased size of the PBS phase. Since the size of the PBS phase is controllable, a new method for preparing microscopic patterns using fully biodegradable polymers is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses)
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15 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
The Study Influence Analysis of the Mathematical Model Choice for Describing Polymer Behavior
by Anna A. Kamenskikh, Yuriy O. Nosov and Anastasia P. Bogdanova
Polymers 2023, 15(17), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173630 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1032
Abstract
The article considered the three types of description of the material behavior model: elastic, elastic–plastic, and viscoelastic. The problem is considered in the framework of deformable solid mechanics. The paper considers the possibility of describing modern polymeric and composite materials used as antifriction [...] Read more.
The article considered the three types of description of the material behavior model: elastic, elastic–plastic, and viscoelastic. The problem is considered in the framework of deformable solid mechanics. The paper considers the possibility of describing modern polymeric and composite materials used as antifriction sliding layers in the viscoelasticity framework. A numerical procedure for finding the coefficients to describe the viscoelastic material behavior using the Prony model has been implemented. Numerical results and experimental data are compared. The model problem of spherical indenter penetration into polymer half-space is realized. The influence of the system discretization on the numerical solution is analyzed. The influence of the polymer behavior description in static and dynamic problem formulations is analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses)
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16 pages, 3927 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Curing Temperature Effect on Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites with Application to Filament Winding Pressure Vessel Design
by Jianguo Liang, Lihua Liu, Zelin Qin, Xiaodong Zhao, Zhi Li, Uwayezu Emmanuel and Jun Feng
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040982 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3282
Abstract
During the forming process of carbon fiber composite pressure vessels, the parameters of the curing and forming processes become one of the critical factors affecting the production cost and forming quality. The curing temperature of 4251 A4/B2 epoxy resin is measured in this [...] Read more.
During the forming process of carbon fiber composite pressure vessels, the parameters of the curing and forming processes become one of the critical factors affecting the production cost and forming quality. The curing temperature of 4251 A4/B2 epoxy resin is measured in this research, and the effect of curing temperature on the mechanical properties of composite materials for winding is studied, which is finally verified in the test of pressure vessels. First, the actual curing temperature of the epoxy resin is tested and analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Second, under two different curing regimes, the tensile and flexural properties are tested by making pure epoxy resin matrix test pieces, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) rings, and carbon fiber composite unidirectional plates that affect the overall performance of composite pressure vessels. At the same time, the test results provide reliable process parameters for numerical simulation and manufacturing of pressure vessels. Finally, the filament-wound 35 MPa type III pressure vessel is cured and carried out using a hydraulic burst test. The results show the resin matrix has good fluidity and excellent interface bonding with carbon fiber when the curing temperature is 112 °C. Compared with the results in curing temperature of 100 °C, the tensile strength of the NOL ring reaches 2260.8 MPa, up by 22%. In the 90° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 68.86% and 37.42%, respectively. In the 0° direction, the tensile and flexural strengths of the unidirectional plates increase by 5.82% and 1.16%, respectively. The pressure vessel bursting form is reasonable and meets the CGH2R standard. The bursting pressure of the vessel is up to 104.4 MPa, which verifies the rationality of the curing regime used in the curing process of the pressure vessel. Based on the results of this paper, the curing temperature affects the fluidity of the epoxy resin, which in turn affects the interfacial bonding properties of the composite, and the forming quality of the wound components and the pressure vessel, ultimately. When using 4251A4/B2 epoxy resin for wet winding pressure vessels, the choice of a 112 °C curing temperature will help improve the vessel’s overall performance. This work could provide reliable experience and insight into the curing process analysis of pressure vessel manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Engineering: Multiscale/Multiphysics Analyses)
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