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Atmosphere
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Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles
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Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 10237

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Long Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266500, China
Interests: friction-induced vibration and noise; tribology performance of brake materials; eco-friendly brake friction materials; brake wear particle emissions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere is one of the five main risks for human health. Vehicular emissions have been recognized as a significant contributor of PM in cities. Sources of vehicular PM emissions are classified into exhaust and non-exhaust sources. Exhaust particles are generated from the incomplete fuel combustion and volatilization of lubricating oil. They have been investigated extensively and the improvements of both engine and after-treatment technologies have significantly reduced these emissions. Non-exhaust particles are generated from the brake wear, tire wear, and road surface wear. It has been reported that the non-exhaust particle emissions are almost equal to the exhaust particle emissions. Due to the increasingly strict emission regulations, the contribution of non-exhaust particle emissions to the total traffic-related particle emissions will increase further in the future. However, many questions regarding the generation, physicochemical characteristics, emission factors, and adverse health effects of non-exhaust particles have not yet been answered. The aim of this Special Issue is to improve the knowledge of non-exhaust particle emissions. Both experimental and simulation studies on this topic are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Long Wei
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • non-exhaust particle emissions
  • brake wear
  • tire wear
  • road surface wear
  • road dust resuspension

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5319 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Virtual Prediction of Vehicle-Related Particle Emissions and Their Influence on Ambient PM10 in an Urban Environment
by Toni Feißel, Florian Büchner, Miles Kunze, Jonas Rost, Valentin Ivanov, Klaus Augsburg, David Hesse and Sebastian Gramstat
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111924 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2302
Abstract
As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. [...] Read more.
As a result of rising environmental awareness, vehicle-related emissions such as particulate matter are subject to increasing criticism. The air pollution in urban areas is especially linked to health risks. The connection between vehicle-related particle emissions and ambient air quality is highly complex. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the influence of different vehicle-related sources such as exhaust particles, brake wear and tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on ambient particulate matter (PM). In a first step, particle measurements were conducted based on field trials with an instrumented vehicle to determine the main influence parameters for each emission source. Afterwards, a simplified approach for a qualitative prediction of vehicle-related particle emissions is derived. In a next step, a virtual inner-city scenario is set up. This includes a vehicle simulation environment for predicting the local emission hot spots as well as a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to account for particle dispersion in the environment. This methodology allows for the investigation of emissions pathways from the point of generation up to the point of their emission potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles)
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17 pages, 5874 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Methods for Sampling Particulate Emissions from Tires under Different Test Environments
by David Hesse, Toni Feißel, Miles Kunze, Eric Bachmann, Thomas Bachmann and Sebastian Gramstat
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081262 - 9 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2652
Abstract
Traffic-related emissions are strongly criticised by the public because they contribute to climate change and are classified as hazardous to health. Combustion engine emissions have been regulated by limit values for almost three decades. There is currently no legal limit for non-exhaust emissions, [...] Read more.
Traffic-related emissions are strongly criticised by the public because they contribute to climate change and are classified as hazardous to health. Combustion engine emissions have been regulated by limit values for almost three decades. There is currently no legal limit for non-exhaust emissions, which include tire wear particle emissions and resuspension. As a result, the percentage of total vehicle emissions has risen continuously. Some of the particles emitted can be assigned to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 µm) and are therefore of particular relevance to human health. The literature describes a wide range of concepts for sampling and measuring tire wear particle emissions. Because of the limited number of studies, the mechanisms involved in on-road tests and their influence on the particle formation process, particle transport and the measuring ability can only be described incompletely. The aim of this study is to compare test bench and on-road tests and to assess the influence of selected parameters. The first part describes the processes of particle injection and particle distribution. Based on this, novel concepts for sampling and measurement in the laboratory and in the field are presented. The functionality and the mechanisms acting in each test environment are evaluated on the basis of selected test scenarios. For example, emissions from external sources, the condition of the road surface and the influence of the driver are identified as influencing factors. These analyzes are used to illustrate the complexity and limited reproducibility of on-road measurements, which must be taken into account for future regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles)
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17 pages, 7758 KiB  
Article
Analysis of TRWP Particle Distribution in Urban and Suburban Landscapes, Connecting Real Road Measurements with Particle Distribution Simulation
by Miles Kunze, Toni Feißel, Valentin Ivanov, Thomas Bachmann, David Hesse and Sebastian Gramstat
Atmosphere 2022, 13(8), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081204 - 30 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
This article deals with methods and measurements related to environmental pollution and analysis of particle distribution in urban and suburban landscapes. Therefore, an already-invented sampling method for tyre road wear particles (TRWP) was used to capture online emission factors from the road. The [...] Read more.
This article deals with methods and measurements related to environmental pollution and analysis of particle distribution in urban and suburban landscapes. Therefore, an already-invented sampling method for tyre road wear particles (TRWP) was used to capture online emission factors from the road. The collected particles were analysed according to their size distribution, for use as an input for particle distribution simulations. The simulation model was a main traffic intersection, because of the high vehicle dynamic related to the high density of start–stop manoeuvres. To compare the simulation results (particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN)) with real-world emissions, measuring points were defined and analysed over a measuring time of 8 h during the day. Afterwards, the collected particles were analysed in terms of particle shape, appearance and chemical composition, to identify the distribution and their place of origin. As a result of the investigation, the appearance of the particles showed a good correlation to the vehicle dynamics, even though there were a lot of background influences, e.g., resuspension of dust. Air humidity also showed a great influence on the recorded particle measurements. In areas of high vehicle dynamics, such as heavy braking or accelerating, more tyre and brake particles could be found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles)
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26 pages, 17987 KiB  
Article
Dry Sliding Behavior and Particulate Emissions of a SiC-graphite Composite Friction Material Paired with HVOF-Coated Counterface
by Priyadarshini Jayashree, Ankur Sinha, Stefano Gialanella and Giovanni Straffelini
Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020296 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1811
Abstract
Dry sliding wear tests and corresponding particulate matter (PM) analysis were conducted on a newly developed SiC-graphite-based composite friction material, paired with two types of HVOF counterface/discs: WC-CoCr and WC-FeCrAlY coatings, with a conventional martensitic stainless steel counterface as a reference. The trials [...] Read more.
Dry sliding wear tests and corresponding particulate matter (PM) analysis were conducted on a newly developed SiC-graphite-based composite friction material, paired with two types of HVOF counterface/discs: WC-CoCr and WC-FeCrAlY coatings, with a conventional martensitic stainless steel counterface as a reference. The trials were conducted on a pin-on-disc testing equipment at room temperature and a constant sliding velocity and contact pressure of 7 m/s and 0.5 MPa, respectively. The coefficient of friction (CoF) curves with the uncoated disc exhibited considerable fluctuations. On the other hand, the coated discs featured an increase in the CoF at the beginning of the tests, followed by either a continuous reduction until the end of the testing duration or the attainment of a steady state regime. The pin wear and emissions with both coatings were appreciably lower when compared to the trials with the uncoated disc. The evaluation of the friction layer observed a significant contribution of the counterface for all the pairings. The PM analysis was conducted on the particles that were lying in the range of 10 μm and 2.5 μm on a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and particles from 2.5 μm and 1 μm on transmission electron microscope (TEM), with an emphasis on the particles that were detached from the pin surface and friction layer to explain the wear mechanisms for each pairing. Through this, the need for the proper selection of both friction material and counterface to avoid the emission of harmful compounds in the environment was highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-exhaust particle emissions from vehicles)
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