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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 2205 KB  
Communication
A Provisional Conceptual Framework for Mucosal Colour Assessment in Terrestrial Mammals
by Mette Uldahl and David J. Mellor
Animals 2026, 16(11), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111697 - 1 Jun 2026
Viewed by 1172
Abstract
Mucosal colour assessment is widely used in veterinary medicine as an indicator of physiological states, but current approaches are characterized by inconsistent terminology, variable methodology, and differing levels of validation. This communication introduces the provisional Uldahl Standard, a conceptual framework developed to improve [...] Read more.
Mucosal colour assessment is widely used in veterinary medicine as an indicator of physiological states, but current approaches are characterized by inconsistent terminology, variable methodology, and differing levels of validation. This communication introduces the provisional Uldahl Standard, a conceptual framework developed to improve consistency, transparency, and reproducibility in mucosal colour assessment in terrestrial mammals. The framework integrates principles from veterinary medicine, colorimetry, and modern imaging technologies, combining perceptual, computational, and instrument-based approaches to colour analysis. Mucosal colour assessment is defined as a multidimensional process comprising colour category, light saturation level, physiological association, assessment method, and level of validation. Nine principal colour categories and eight standardised saturation modifiers were identified through a literature review and incorporated into the framework. The standard further emphasizes transparent reporting of assessment conditions, validation procedures, artefact evaluation, and analytical pathways, including examples using AI-assisted visual analysis. The framework acknowledges the inherent variability in mucosal colour assessment arising from environmental conditions, limitations of human colour perception, and differences in descriptive methods while providing a structured and comparable terminology, linked to defined levels of validation. It is anticipated that application of the proposed Uldahl Standard will provide markedly more robust and consistent descriptions of mucosal colours, which, provided they are combined with well validated clinical signs of the underlying physiology and/or pathophysiology, will greatly enhance the diagnostic power of the procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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21 pages, 1657 KB  
Article
Developing a Decision-Support Tool to Improve the Performance and Sustainability of Cow–Calf Grazing Systems Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Mechanistic Nutrition Models
by Marcia H. M. R. Fernandes, Jordan M. Adams, Joao A. R. Fernandes and Luis O. Tedeschi
Animals 2026, 16(11), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16111675 - 30 May 2026
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Sustainable cow–calf production requires balancing animal performance, economic returns, and environmental impacts under highly variable forage conditions. This study presents a conceptual model, CattleSat, whose decision-support framework integrates satellite-derived forage biomass with mechanistic ruminant nutrition models to simulate the effects of herd size [...] Read more.
Sustainable cow–calf production requires balancing animal performance, economic returns, and environmental impacts under highly variable forage conditions. This study presents a conceptual model, CattleSat, whose decision-support framework integrates satellite-derived forage biomass with mechanistic ruminant nutrition models to simulate the effects of herd size and stocking strategies on animal performance, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic outcomes. A case study simulation using data from a Texas grazing system was conducted to demonstrate the application and behavior of the model under variable herd sizes. Results showed that increasing herd size reduced forage allowance, leading to decreased cow dry matter intake and, consequently, individual animal performance, particularly milk yield and weaning weight, while total calf production exhibited a curvilinear response. Economic outcomes followed similar patterns, with total net return increasing but net return per cow declining as herd size increased. Based on the assumptions and parameterization adopted in this simulation, a critical transition point was identified where system-level profitability and individual efficiency were balanced. Additionally, carbon emission intensity increased at higher stocking rates, indicating reduced environmental efficiency. Overall, forage dynamics were relevant drivers of system variability. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive, data-driven stocking strategies and demonstrate the potential of integrating remote sensing with mechanistic models to improve the sustainability of grazing systems. Future studies and model improvements should be incorporated to expand the applicability of the framework across diverse grazing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
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20 pages, 1103 KB  
Article
To Farm or Not to Farm? Pilot Testing a Sentiocentric Ethical Framework for Farming Non-Typical Species
by Helena Hale, Selene S. C. Nogueira, Sérgio Nogueira-Filho, Adroaldo Zanella, Nicola Rooney, Jessica Bell Rizzolo, Suzanne D. E. Held, Michael Mendl and Siobhan Mullan
Animals 2026, 16(10), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16101519 - 15 May 2026
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Systems that farm non-typical (wild) species for human consumption are on the rise globally, in contrast to more typical livestock production. In some instances, wildlife farming may arguably help alleviate poverty, provide sustainable animal protein, and be a useful strategy for conservation through [...] Read more.
Systems that farm non-typical (wild) species for human consumption are on the rise globally, in contrast to more typical livestock production. In some instances, wildlife farming may arguably help alleviate poverty, provide sustainable animal protein, and be a useful strategy for conservation through reducing wildlife poaching or breeding some animals on farms for reintroduction. However, it is unclear whether farming non-typical species within variable and often unregulated systems truly offers these benefits or outweighs the costs including animal welfare implications, public health concerns, and normalising or intensifying the consumption of wild animals. A previous study proposed a sentiocentric ethical decision-making framework for the farming of wild species. In the present study we invited academic ‘key informants’ with specialised knowledge about farming non-typical species to pilot the framework via an online survey using a species of their choice and requested their feedback on its strengths and weaknesses. Thirteen respondents applied ten different mammalian, reptilian, insect, and avian species to the framework, spanning all continents. Ultimately, the framework outcome for 11 appraisals was that the chosen species may be suitable for farming. However, erroneous responses were likely in places, and there was some uncertainty over definitions of framework terminology. We publish resultant amendments to the ethical framework to clarify meaning and suggest that it can be applied proactively or reactively by different stakeholders (e.g., governments, businesses, and NGOs). We reflect our informants’ views, acknowledging the need to solicit expertise from additional stakeholders (e.g., farmers) and the role of cultural significance and rural communities when considering farming non-typical species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond the Hunt: Ethical Issues and Food Safety in Game Meat Consumption)
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20 pages, 3869 KB  
Article
Automated Activity Tracking and Space Use Monitoring of Captive Jaguars with Machine Learning
by Laura Liv Nørgaard Larsen, Ninette Christensen, Trine Kristensen, Thea Loumand Faddersbøll, Anne Rikke Winther Lassen, Brian Rasmussen, Sussie Pagh and Cino Pertoldi
Animals 2026, 16(10), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16101504 - 14 May 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392
Abstract
Monitoring both captive animals and wild populations is necessary to ensure adequate animal welfare and wildlife conservation. Existing monitoring tools, e.g., camera traps, enable surveillance, yet analysis can prove time-consuming and labor-intensive if handled manually. The automated nature of machine learning (ML) reduces [...] Read more.
Monitoring both captive animals and wild populations is necessary to ensure adequate animal welfare and wildlife conservation. Existing monitoring tools, e.g., camera traps, enable surveillance, yet analysis can prove time-consuming and labor-intensive if handled manually. The automated nature of machine learning (ML) reduces observer bias and manual workload and improves assessment capacity of behavioral monitoring tools that are often used by staff at zoological institutions. This study investigated the activity and space use of three captive jaguars (Panthera onca) through automated individual recognition, activity tracking, and heatmap visualization using an ML model trained on video footage. In total, 123.8 h of video footage was recorded of the jaguar enclosure in Randers Regnskov, Tropical Zoo. The ML model analyzed all videos containing jaguars from one day. The model achieved satisfactory performance based on its evaluation metrics (mean average precision, recall, precision, and F1-score). The ML model showed repeated movement tracks within specific enclosure areas. The jaguars exhibited significantly more inactive than active behavior and did not seem to exhibit natural bimodal nocturnal or crepuscular hunter activity patterns. It should be stated that, due to the small sample size of only three jaguars and 24 analyzed hours, this study is a proof-of-concept to demonstrate the potential of ML methods as valuable tools for individual recognition, activity tracking, and monitoring of space use to aid in future animal welfare monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
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18 pages, 604 KB  
Review
A Narrative Review on Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence for Poultry Production
by Anjan Dhungana, Bidur Paneru, Samin Dahal and Lilong Chai
Animals 2026, 16(9), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16091285 - 22 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1719
Abstract
Recently, poultry production has increased worldwide to address the increasing demand of affordable animal-sourced protein. To meet this requirement, poultry production operations have become more concentrated, introducing management challenges related to disease control, productivity, and animal welfare. However, manual flock monitoring and management [...] Read more.
Recently, poultry production has increased worldwide to address the increasing demand of affordable animal-sourced protein. To meet this requirement, poultry production operations have become more concentrated, introducing management challenges related to disease control, productivity, and animal welfare. However, manual flock monitoring and management have become impractical in such cases, creating a need for automatic data-driven management approaches. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a potential technological solution for continuous flock monitoring, data sharing, and decision-making. Despite this, its adoption in poultry production is limited compared with its widespread use in crop production, transportation, and manufacturing industrial sectors. Furthermore, advanced analytical techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI), applied to data gathered by IoT-enabled devices, have shown promising results by generating actionable information. Existing literature suggests that the integration of IoT and AI can address the major challenges associated with modern large-scale poultry production systems. While most applications remain at the research scale, such technologies have the potential for improving flock monitoring, enhancing productivity, and ensuring proper animal welfare. This narrative review examines the current state of IoT and AI based technologies, together or in part identifies the limitations, research gaps, and opportunities for future development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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12 pages, 219 KB  
Article
Efficacy of an Oral Chondroprotective Joint Supplement on Stride Length and Gait Symmetry in Aged Geldings with Chronic Lameness
by Renee M. Harbowy, Cara I. Robison, Isabella Tillman, Jane M. Manfredi and Brian D. Nielsen
Animals 2026, 16(8), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16081230 - 17 Apr 2026
Viewed by 7625
Abstract
Oral joint supplements (OJSs), specifically those containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, are some of the most popular feed additives fed by horse owners. However, evidence of the efficacy of these nutraceuticals in vivo is lacking. To investigate the impacts of an OJS on [...] Read more.
Oral joint supplements (OJSs), specifically those containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, are some of the most popular feed additives fed by horse owners. However, evidence of the efficacy of these nutraceuticals in vivo is lacking. To investigate the impacts of an OJS on equine lameness, 40 geldings (18 ± 7 yr) with chronic lameness and AAEP lameness grades between 2 and 4 (as scored by a veterinary sports medicine and rehabilitation specialist) were enrolled in the study. Horses were stratified by lameness grade, BCS, and weight, and then randomly assigned to receive a placebo powder or an OJS daily for 6 wks. Stride length measurements and lameness evaluations were performed every 2 wk. There was no effect of treatment or treatment-by-day interaction for stride length, though day affected both walk (p = 0.04) and trot (p < 0.01). Only day affected lameness grade, with the lowest average score on d28 (p = 0.04). There was no evidence of supplementation improving gait symmetry over time. As such, there is no evidence to support efficacy of the tested OJS when fed for 6 wk. These results emphasize the importance of well-controlled studies and support continued development of evidence-based management strategies for equine joint health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceutical Strategies for Enhancing Health and Performance in Equine)
19 pages, 1969 KB  
Article
StrayCare Metro: Evaluation of a Targeted Cat Desexing Program to Manage Free-Roaming Cats
by Gemma C. Ma, Sarah Zito and Brooke P. A. Kennedy
Animals 2026, 16(8), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16081216 - 16 Apr 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
Background: Free-roaming cats in Australian cities contribute to wildlife impacts, community concerns, and high shelter intake. We used an observational pre–post evaluation study design of a targeted cat desexing program (“StrayCare Metro”) delivered with councils and community partners in four local government areas [...] Read more.
Background: Free-roaming cats in Australian cities contribute to wildlife impacts, community concerns, and high shelter intake. We used an observational pre–post evaluation study design of a targeted cat desexing program (“StrayCare Metro”) delivered with councils and community partners in four local government areas (LGAs) of Greater Sydney (2022–2024). Methods: Program records documented cat enrolments and services; council and state databases supplied annual shelter intake, euthanasia, and cat-related complaints; and transect drives in two LGAs (2021 and 2024) estimated cat encounter rates and population density. The analysis did not include control LGAs. Results: The program desexed 1225 cats; among enrolled cats not already microchipped, 72% received a microchip and 28% declined despite this being offered for free. Compared with pre-program baselines, annual council shelter intake decreased by 49–73% within LGAs (61% overall), with concurrent reductions in euthanasia. Cat-related complaints declined in three LGAs (47–64%) but increased in one. Transect drives indicated substantial declines in cat encounter rates in Blue Mountains (51%) and Campbelltown (35%) and lower density estimates in both surveyed LGAs. Conclusions: A collaborative targeted desexing approach was associated with large reductions in council pound intake, euthanasia, and, in most areas, nuisance complaints, alongside independent indications of reduced free-roaming cat density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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18 pages, 3091 KB  
Article
Multi-Omics Epigenetic Landscape Unveils Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Heterosis in Sheep Muscle Development
by Jiangbo Cheng, Dan Xu, Huibin Tian, Xiaoxue Zhang, Liming Zhao, Runan Zhang, Jianlin Wang, Jinyu Xiao, Fadi Li, Weimin Wang and Deyin Zhang
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071112 - 4 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1186
Abstract
Hybridization effectively enhances breeding efficiency and significantly boosts sheep productivity. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the superior production performance of crossbreds remain largely elusive. In this study, Hu sheep were crossbred with Suffolk rams used as the paternal line. We integrated RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, [...] Read more.
Hybridization effectively enhances breeding efficiency and significantly boosts sheep productivity. However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the superior production performance of crossbreds remain largely elusive. In this study, Hu sheep were crossbred with Suffolk rams used as the paternal line. We integrated RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and CUT&Tag (H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3) techniques to characterize epigenetic regulatory differences in the longissimus dorsi muscle between Hu sheep (HU) and crossbred progeny (SH). Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that SH crossbred sheep exhibited superior growth performance (p < 0.05), and the upregulated genes in the Apelin signaling pathway were significantly correlated with eye muscle area (p < 0.05). Utilizing a Hidden Markov Model, we annotated 15 distinct chromatin states in both HU and SH sheep, systematically characterizing the dynamic epigenomic landscapes across the two breeds. In contrast to SH sheep, the genome of HU sheep exhibited enrichment of repressive chromatin modifications typified by H3K27me3. Strong active enhancers (EnhA) were significantly enriched within upregulated genes in SH. A total of 1862 SH-specific and 691 HU-specific EnhA elements were characterized in this study. Motif analysis revealed that SH-specific EnhA were enriched for myogenic MEF2 family motifs (p < 0.05), which promote muscle and vascular development. By integrating multi-omics data, we constructed a putative regulatory network potentially modulated by SH-specific enhancers, identifying CMKLR1, PPARGC1A, and TLE3 as the core hub genes. Collectively, this study provides a robust data resource, identifying candidate genes and regulatory elements associated with crossbreeding-related muscle phenotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Signatures in Domestic Animals)
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19 pages, 3709 KB  
Article
Effects of Different Feeding Modes on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Metabolism of Yushu Yaks During the Cold Season
by Chengeng Liang, Hai Hu, Guowen Wang, Shangrong Xu, Shi Shu, Rong Huang, Changqi Fu and Wei Peng
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071110 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1685
Abstract
Yushu yaks face nutritional deficiency and poor production performance in the cold season on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, yet their metabolic responses to different feeding modes remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of traditional grazing, grazing with concentrate supplementation, and TMR stall-feeding on [...] Read more.
Yushu yaks face nutritional deficiency and poor production performance in the cold season on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, yet their metabolic responses to different feeding modes remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of traditional grazing, grazing with concentrate supplementation, and TMR stall-feeding on 90 four-year-old Yushu yaks (30 per group) during a 180-day cold-season trial, by determining body weight changes, serum biochemical parameters and plasma metabolic profiles. Stall-fed yaks had the highest average daily gain (259.05 ± 61.56 g/d), while grazing yaks showed negative gain (−279.50 ± 44.45 g/d) and supplementary-fed yaks had intermediate performance; grazing yaks had stronger antioxidant enzyme activity, and supplemented/stall-fed yaks had higher serum mineral and albumin levels. Metabolomic analysis identified 2024 plasma metabolites, with grazing yaks enriched in plateau adaptation and antioxidant pathways, stall-fed yaks in energy metabolism pathways, and supplementary-fed yaks in both growth and antioxidant pathways. Our findings confirm that gradient nutritional interventions regulate the balance between yak growth and plateau adaptability, with concentrate supplementation as the optimal cold-season feeding mode for local herders and stall-feeding suitable for intensive breeding to maximize growth efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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16 pages, 2729 KB  
Article
Free Fatty Acids Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Macrophages in Dairy Cows with Ketosis
by Hongdou Jia, Xinyuan Sun, Wantong Cheng, Yue Yu, Yutong Wu, Jiayi Yan, Yunhui Fan, Qiushi Xu, Juan J. Loor, Chuang Xu, Shixin Fu and Xudong Sun
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071070 - 1 Apr 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1106
Abstract
Dairy cows with ketosis display immune dysfunction and a high incidence of infectious diseases, which may partly be attributed to excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in macrophages. The objective of the present study was to assess the role of ERS in [...] Read more.
Dairy cows with ketosis display immune dysfunction and a high incidence of infectious diseases, which may partly be attributed to excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in macrophages. The objective of the present study was to assess the role of ERS in macrophage apoptosis of ketotic dairy cows. Compared with healthy cows, the apoptosis number of macrophages and the protein abundance of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6); the ratio of phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK)/PERK, phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1)/IRE1 and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α)/eIF2α; and mean fluorescence intensity of C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) were greater in cows with clinically ketosis (CK). Treatment with FFA increased protein abundance of GRP78, CHOP, ATF6 and p-IRE1/IRE1, and mean fluorescence intensity of CHOP. Furthermore, FFA increased the protein abundance of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) and mean fluorescence intensity of Caspase-3 but decreased the Bcl-2/Bax protein abundance ratio, which was accompanied by an increase in the number macrophage apoptosis. Inhibition of ERS via TUDCA attenuated the increased macrophage apoptosis and the activated apoptotic pathways induced by Tn or FFA. Thus, hyperphysiological concentrations of FFA induce apoptosis in macrophages by triggering ERS in ketotic dairy cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management and Nutritional Regulation of Livestock Nutritional Metabolic Diseases)
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29 pages, 17929 KB  
Article
From Molecular Perturbations to Functional Decline: Multi-Omics Reveals Sperm Cryodamage in Sichuan Bream (Sinibrama taeniatus)
by Zhe Zhao, Qilin Feng, Tianzhi Jin, Qiang Zhao, Shilin Li, Dengyue Yuan, Zhijian Wang and Fang Li
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071014 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1618
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is pivotal for conserving fish germplasm, yet cryodamage-induced quality decline limits its application. This study focused on Sichuan bream (Sinibrama taeniatus), an endemic and economically important fish species in the upper Yangtze River. Based on an established cryopreservation protocol, [...] Read more.
Sperm cryopreservation is pivotal for conserving fish germplasm, yet cryodamage-induced quality decline limits its application. This study focused on Sichuan bream (Sinibrama taeniatus), an endemic and economically important fish species in the upper Yangtze River. Based on an established cryopreservation protocol, we evaluated sperm quality using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and fertility assays, followed by a systematic assessment of structural and functional damage via flow cytometry (membrane integrity, mitochondrial potential, reactive oxygen species, and DNA fragmentation), enzymatic assays (energy metabolism and antioxidant enzymes), Western blotting, and ultrastructural observation. Finally, integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses were employed to elucidate the underlying physiological mechanisms. The results demonstrated that freeze–thawing significantly impaired sperm motility, fertility, and ultrastructure, concurrently disrupting energy metabolism and the antioxidant system. Crucially, multi-omics revealed that these functional declines were linked to dysregulation in key pathways involving cytoskeleton organization, lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and oxidative stress, forming a coherent network from initial molecular perturbation to phenotypic dysfunction. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of sperm cryodamage in Sichuan bream, advancing the understanding of fish sperm cryobiology and informing targeted cryoprotection strategy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Male Fertility and Sperm Preservation in Animals)
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13 pages, 827 KB  
Article
How University Students Evaluate the Use of Laboratory Animals: The Role of Species and Individual Differences
by Leire Ruiz-Sancho, Oihane Saez-Atxukarro, Ainara Gomez-Gastiasoro and Garikoitz Azkona
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071005 - 25 Mar 2026
Viewed by 820
Abstract
The use of animals in biomedical research and university teaching remains socially sensitive, shaped by ethical concerns, regulations, and public expectations. While animal models are still essential for basic and translational research, society increasingly demands transparency, strong welfare protections, and the development of [...] Read more.
The use of animals in biomedical research and university teaching remains socially sensitive, shaped by ethical concerns, regulations, and public expectations. While animal models are still essential for basic and translational research, society increasingly demands transparency, strong welfare protections, and the development of alternative methods. This study investigated Spanish university students’ attitudes toward the use of animals in basic research, translational research, and educational settings, and examined their acceptance of different species for addressing human health problems. It also assessed how sociodemographic variables, personality traits, empathy, and anthropomorphism relate to these views. The sample included 653 students, predominantly women, heterosexual, and urban residents. Most participants supported the use of animals in research, whereas opinions regarding teaching uses were more divided. Attitudes toward the use of laboratory animals consistently differed by gender and field of study, with men and students in science-related disciplines showing higher acceptance. Of the psychological variables assessed, only anthropomorphism showed moderate negative correlations with support for the use of laboratory animals across all contexts. Species strongly influenced attitudes: companion animals generated the most opposition, primates and livestock elicited mixed responses, and rodents, invertebrates, and aquatic species received the highest support. Overall, students generally accept animal use but vary substantially by species, gender, and academic background. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Ethics)
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24 pages, 1698 KB  
Article
Practical Aquafeeds Incorporating Insect and Algae Meals Achieve Quality and Growth Standards Comparable to Traditional Feeds in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
by Filippo Faccenda, Elia Ciani, Lorenzo Rossi, Gabriella Vale-Pereira, Giulia Secci, Jorge Dias and Luis E. C. Conceição
Animals 2026, 16(7), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16071000 - 24 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1763
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of eco-efficient aquafeed formulations on the growth, body composition, nutrient retention, and flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four extruded diets were tested: a conventional control (Ctrl) and three eco-efficient formulations (No-PAP, PAP, and Mix) [...] Read more.
This study assessed the effects of eco-efficient aquafeed formulations on the growth, body composition, nutrient retention, and flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four extruded diets were tested: a conventional control (Ctrl) and three eco-efficient formulations (No-PAP, PAP, and Mix) combining single-cell ingredients, insect meal, selected plant proteins, and aquaculture by-products, with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) supplied primarily from microalgae. Rather than isolating single-ingredient replacements, the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of complex, industry-feasible formulations designed for practical application. These experimental feeds were administered to 800 trout (initial body weight 63 g), distributed across four replicates per diet. After a 97-day trial, results showed no significant differences in growth performance (final weight, weight gain, and relative growth rate) between diets. Feed conversion ratios (~0.78) were within expected ranges for rainbow trout under these conditions. Fillet texture and composition were similar across all groups; however, trout fed the No-PAP diet developed a significantly more yellow tint in fillet color, likely attributed to xanthophyll pigments from plant- and algae-based ingredients. The environmental impact of the diets was driven by specific ingredient choices, as evidenced by a carbon footprint analysis ranging from 1.39 kg CO2 eq. (PAP diet) to 2.36 kg CO2 eq. (Ctrl diet). These findings demonstrate that the three alternative formulations matched the efficacy of conventional feed, offering a sustainable option for trout aquafeed production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Effects of Feed Ingredients on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Animals)
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13 pages, 1811 KB  
Article
Characterization of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in Cats Using Barometric Whole-Body Plethysmography
by Chi-Ru Chen, Alicia Caro-Vadillo, José Alberto Montoya-Alonso, Wei-Tao Chang, Chung-Hui Lin and Laín García-Guasch
Animals 2026, 16(6), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16060959 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1267
Abstract
Objectives: To confirm the utility of barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) as a non-invasive, clinical diagnostic test for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in cats. Methods: Client-owned cats belonging to brachycephalic breeds were enrolled and classified into two clinical severity grades of [...] Read more.
Objectives: To confirm the utility of barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) as a non-invasive, clinical diagnostic test for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in cats. Methods: Client-owned cats belonging to brachycephalic breeds were enrolled and classified into two clinical severity grades of upper airway obstruction (UAO). Brachycephalic cats with high-grade UAO severity (Brachy-H-UAO) represented those with clinically evident effects on clinical signs or physical examination findings, whereas brachycephalic cats with low-grade UAO severity (Brachy-L-UAO) represented those without clinically evident problems. A group of non-brachycephalic (NB) cats that were respiratory disease-free and with neither a history of cardiac or systemic diseases nor exposure to cigarette smoke was used as the control group. Cats were placed in the BWBP chamber, and breathing signals were obtained after an adaptation period in a quiet and silent environment. The ventilatory variables obtained were respiratory rate (RR; [bpm]), tidal and minute volume per kilogram bodyweight (MV/BW and TV/BW; [mL/kg]), inspiratory (Ti; [s]) and expiratory (Te; [s]) intervals, airway obstruction index enhanced pause (Penh), and peak inspiratory and expiratory flows per kilogram (PIF and PEF; [mL/s/kg]). Results: Forty-three client-owned cats (11 Brachy-H-UAO, 7 Brachy-L-UAO, and 25 NB) were included. Brachycephalic cats (Brachy-H-UAO: 311 mL/kg; Brachy-L-UAO: 253 mL/kg) showed significantly lower median MV/BW than NB cats (503 mL/kg) (p = 0.01). Brachy-H-UAO cats demonstrated significantly higher median PEF/PIF ratios (Brachy-H-UAO: 1.46, minimum–maximum 0.82–2.48; Brachy-L-UAO: 0.76, 0.52–1.11; NB: 0.73, 0.56–1.00) and Penh (Brachy-H-UAO: 2.37, minimum–maximum 0.57–23.82; Brachy-L-UAO: 0.57, 0.27–1.11; NB: 0.53, 0.21–0.68) than Brachy-L-UAO and NB cats (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed among the three groups for RR, TV/BW, Ti, Te, or Te/Ti. Conclusions and Relevance: Cats affected by BOAS demonstrate impaired ventilatory function, with reduced minute ventilation and a distinctive flow pattern and parameters reflecting limited inspiratory flow and increased upper airway resistance. BWBP can serve as a useful tool to diagnose and characterize the severity of BOAS in cats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Look Inside the Health and Welfare of Canine and Feline Breeds)
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21 pages, 4672 KB  
Article
Elucidation of the XX/XY Sex Determination System and Development of a Sex-Linked Molecular Marker in the Freshwater Snail Bellamya purificata
by Yajun Gao, Yanhong Wen, Shaokui Yi, Yong Lin, Jinxia Peng, Xianhui Pan and Xiaoyun Zhou
Animals 2026, 16(6), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16060916 - 14 Mar 2026
Viewed by 43318
Abstract
The freshwater snail Bellamya purificata is both ecologically and economically significant, exhibiting notable sexual dimorphism in growth and nutritional traits that underscore the importance of breeding of monosex stocks. However, the genetic basis of sex determination remains unclear. Herein, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) [...] Read more.
The freshwater snail Bellamya purificata is both ecologically and economically significant, exhibiting notable sexual dimorphism in growth and nutritional traits that underscore the importance of breeding of monosex stocks. However, the genetic basis of sex determination remains unclear. Herein, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) combined with transcriptomic analysis were conducted to identify sex-linked markers and candidate genes for this species. GWAS generated 571 significantly sex-associated SNPs and 1853 InDels, corresponding to 44 candidate genes. Multiple significant SNP peaks were detected on chromosomes 1 and 2, with mrc2 and mis18bp1 as key candidate genes. A sex-linked InDel marker located within mis18bp1 can distinguish males and females cost-effectively. Genotype analysis of the sex-associated loci revealed that most females were homozygous while males were heterozygous, suggesting that B. purificata has a primarily XX/XY sex determination system. Comparative gonadal transcriptome analyses identified 2996 female-biased and 4281 male-biased genes. Among them, sry, sox8, dmrt1 and dmrt2 may be critical in male sex differentiation, while β-catenin, foxl2, esr1 and nr5a2 may be important in female sex differentiation. Integration of GWAS and transcriptomic data highlighted four pronounced sex-associated candidate genes, including mis18bp1, rnf216, tbx1 and mrc2. These results provide a valuable foundation for elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying sex determination and for the development of monosex stocks in B. purificata. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics in Economic Aquatic Animals: Second Edition)
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23 pages, 2679 KB  
Article
Understanding Australian Cat Caregiver Motivations and Reactions to Behaviour-Change Messaging on Cat Containment: Insights for Campaign Design
by Gemma C. Ma, Kiara L. Speedy, Patricia David, M. Carolyn Gates, Katherine E. Littlewood and Sarah Zito
Animals 2026, 16(5), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16050784 - 3 Mar 2026
Viewed by 1168
Abstract
Domestic cat containment has become an increasing focus of companion animal management in Australia, yet uptake among caregivers who allow their cats to roam remains limited. This study explored how caregivers with established outdoor routines but no strong opposition to containment perceive their [...] Read more.
Domestic cat containment has become an increasing focus of companion animal management in Australia, yet uptake among caregivers who allow their cats to roam remains limited. This study explored how caregivers with established outdoor routines but no strong opposition to containment perceive their cats, interpret risk, and respond to different campaign framings. Four online focus groups were conducted in New South Wales with 22 cat caregivers who allowed their cats outdoor access. Thematic analysis indicated that containment decisions, as interpreted through the analytic process, were shaped by how cats were acquired, prior outdoor experience, beliefs about how cats exercise agency, and beliefs about what factors contribute to feline welfare. Caregivers frequently minimised risk and believed their cats could manage themselves outdoors, reinforcing resistance to change. Reactions to the two tested campaign concepts indicated that messages perceived as moralising or fear-based elicited guilt and avoidance. In contrast, caregivers preferred solution-focused messages showing how cats could thrive safely at home. The findings suggest that once roaming behaviours are established, emotional and habitual barriers make voluntary change difficult. Effective interventions should combine motivational framing with clear, achievable actions and target owners at early decision points, particularly adoption, when new habits and expectations about cat management are more readily established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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12 pages, 541 KB  
Article
Post-Ejaculatory Blood Plasma Canine Prostate-Specific Esterase Concentrations May Predict Total Motility Decline After Sperm Freezing in Dogs
by Florin Petrișor Posastiuc, Guillaume Domain, Nicolae Tiberiu Constantin, Lotte Spanoghe, Joke Lannoo and Ann Van Soom
Animals 2026, 16(5), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16050755 - 1 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of cryopreserved dog semen, reliable predictors of individual semen freezability are still not available. This study investigated the relationship between post-ejaculatory blood plasma concentrations of canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE) and semen quality following cryopreservation. The CPSE levels were quantified [...] Read more.
Despite the widespread use of cryopreserved dog semen, reliable predictors of individual semen freezability are still not available. This study investigated the relationship between post-ejaculatory blood plasma concentrations of canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE) and semen quality following cryopreservation. The CPSE levels were quantified using a canine-specific sandwich-type immunoassay, and sperm quality was evaluated in fresh and frozen–thawed samples using motility, kinematic, and morphological sperm parameters. Cryopreservation resulted in a significant decline in sperm motility and morphology, with marked variability in the magnitude of post-thaw changes among individuals. CPSE showed significant correlations with several morpho-functional parameters in both fresh and frozen–thawed sperm (p ≤ 0.05). However, its strongest predictive value for freezability was observed for total motility (p = 0.004), with a minimum threshold of 53 ng/mL identifying dogs showing a ≥20% post-thaw motility decline (AUC = 0.785, p = 0.010). These findings suggest that post-ejaculatory CPSE levels in blood plasma may reflect sperm cryoresilience and serve as a potential biomarker of canine sperm freezability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Health of Male Dogs: Prostate Health, Testicular Function, and Semen Quality)
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12 pages, 819 KB  
Article
Cross-Generational Validation of a Feedforward Neural Network for Milk Yield Prediction in Dairy Cattle
by Carlotta Ferrari, Chiara Punturiero, Andrea Delledonne, Andrea Mario Vergani, Marco Masseroli, Maria G. Strillacci and Alessandro Bagnato
Animals 2026, 16(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16050707 - 25 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 879
Abstract
Advancements in precision livestock farming and machine learning have expanded the use of data-driven approaches for milk yield forecasting. In this study, a previously developed feedforward neural network (FFNN) model using genomic breeding values, parity, days in milk, month of calving, and age [...] Read more.
Advancements in precision livestock farming and machine learning have expanded the use of data-driven approaches for milk yield forecasting. In this study, a previously developed feedforward neural network (FFNN) model using genomic breeding values, parity, days in milk, month of calving, and age at calving as predictors was validated across one generation of Holstein cows. Specifically, the model was evaluated in first-parity daughters of the animals included in the original training population. Predictive performance was assessed on 228 lactation curves comprising 67,010 daily observations using a train–cross-validation–held-out test framework. On the test set, the model achieved a daily root mean squared error (RMSE) of 5.98 kg/day, with a Pearson correlation of 0.64. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by systematically shifting calving month and age (±1 to ±4 months) while holding other predictors constant. Simulated scenarios suggested increased predicted milk yield with later calving ages; however, these results reflect the structure of the training data rather than prescriptive management recommendations. While the FFNN provides robust milk yield predictions, its practical application for calving strategy decisions should be integrated with economic and reproductive considerations. Overall, the findings support the generational robustness of FFNN-based milk yield forecasting within the studied herd. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Methods and Statistics in Ruminant Farming)
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16 pages, 1043 KB  
Review
Advances in Intestinal Glucose Absorption Regulation for Ruminant Energy Efficiency Improvement
by Yan Ye, Xiongfei Zhang, Junhu Yao and Xinjian Lei
Animals 2026, 16(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040659 - 19 Feb 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
Ruminants can use volatile fatty acids from rumen fermentation for energy, but substantial starch may bypass the rumen and enter into the small intestine under a high-grain diet. In theory, intestinal starch digestion is energetically more efficient than ruminal fermentation. However, ruminants have [...] Read more.
Ruminants can use volatile fatty acids from rumen fermentation for energy, but substantial starch may bypass the rumen and enter into the small intestine under a high-grain diet. In theory, intestinal starch digestion is energetically more efficient than ruminal fermentation. However, ruminants have inherent limits in starch hydrolysis and glucose transport. Small intestinal starch digestion relies on pancreatic α-amylase. Several studies have indicated that functional amino acids (Leu or Phe) may enhance amylase secretion or activity to improve starch digestion. In contrast, strategies to increase glucose absorption efficiency in the small intestine have received less attention. Thus, this review focuses on the effects of diet, ontogeny, environment, and intestinal microbiota on intestinal glucose absorption and their potential mechanisms. The T1R2/T1R3 glucose-sensing pathways, transporting pathways, and related hormones within the small intestine were systematically reviewed. The advantages and limitations of major approaches regarding glucose absorption including portal vein intubation, nutrient perfusion, everted intestinal sacs in vitro, Ussing chamber, brush-border membrane vesicle, D-xylose test, organoid, and nanosensing are also discussed. Importantly, we propose potential strategies to improve small intestinal glucose absorption (e.g., artificial sweeteners and glucagon-like peptide 2-related modulation). Overall, this review summarizes promising regulatory targets to enhance small intestinal glucose absorption and improve energy efficiency in ruminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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22 pages, 2273 KB  
Article
What Makes Canine Search and Rescue Successful? Insights into Environmental, Management, and Personality Factors
by Silvia Silvestri, Gabriele Brecchia, Olimpia Barbato, Alda Quattrone, Marco Valsecchi and Laura Menchetti
Animals 2026, 16(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040664 - 19 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1623
Abstract
This study examined the effects of environmental conditions, behavioral history, management practices, and personality traits on the operational performance of search and rescue (SAR) dogs and dogs admitted to SAR certification testing. Thirty-two handlers completed a questionnaire collecting demographic data, as well as [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of environmental conditions, behavioral history, management practices, and personality traits on the operational performance of search and rescue (SAR) dogs and dogs admitted to SAR certification testing. Thirty-two handlers completed a questionnaire collecting demographic data, as well as information on their dogs’ behavioral history, management practices, and personality descriptors. Each dog–handler unit also undertook a search trial consisting of locating a hidden person in a wooded area, which was evaluated both by professional instructors and the handlers through ratings of critical behavioral indicators. Objective measurements were obtained through a weather station and GPS devices. Handlers described their dogs mainly in terms of work-relevant traits, such as socio-cognitive engagement, assertiveness, and arousal. The performance evaluation form was practical and efficient, though the Distraction parameter may require refinement, and handler ratings suggested a self-reporting bias. Temperature and wind speed were negatively associated with performance, whereas higher humidity was positively associated with it. Performance was also associated with litter size, age at adoption, dog experience, and management-related factors. Finally, speed, ground coverage, and a canine profile characterized by high arousal and reactivity were strong determinants of good search performance (|ρ| ≥ 0.3; p < 0.05). Although these findings require confirmation in larger samples, search performance appears to be a multifactorial construct shaped by the interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Defining the contribution of each factor could help optimize performance and dogs’ welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifelong Health and Performance in Working Dogs: Physical and Psychological)
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30 pages, 1488 KB  
Review
Reintroduction of Captive Tigers: Challenges & Concerns
by Panasaya Nipithakul, Promporn Piboon, Janine L. Brown, Korakot Nganvongpanit and Pakkanut Bansiddhi
Animals 2026, 16(4), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040640 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 3123
Abstract
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an apex predator and plays a fundamental role in sustaining biodiversity through its native range in Asia. By controlling populations of large herbivores and mesopredators, tigers help maintain the structural integrity of habitats, thereby supporting a [...] Read more.
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an apex predator and plays a fundamental role in sustaining biodiversity through its native range in Asia. By controlling populations of large herbivores and mesopredators, tigers help maintain the structural integrity of habitats, thereby supporting a diverse array of flora and fauna. Despite its ecological importance, the tiger is one of the most threatened large carnivores globally. It is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, although threat categories vary among subspecies, and it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which covers all tiger subspecies. Over the past two decades, global tiger populations have declined by more than 90%. Consequently, they have become the focus of conservation efforts, including captive breeding and reintroduction initiatives. However, the reintroduction of captive-bred tigers into natural habitats presents significant scientific and logistical challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the complexities of using captive tigers for reintroduction programs, with particular attention to welfare and behavioral competence of captive individuals, and genetic diversity and health of founder populations. It further addresses critical considerations for habitat suitability and managing potential human-tiger conflict and evaluates the overall effectiveness and feasibility of tiger reintroduction as a conservation strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)
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17 pages, 630 KB  
Article
Prevalence of Pulmonary Nematodes in Cats and Lung Ultrasound Findings in Separate Animal Cohorts: A Coprological, Molecular and Clinical Study
by Dawid Jańczak, Agata Moroz-Fik, Karolina Radziejewska, Aleksandra Kornelia Maj, Piotr Górecki, Jakub Kędziorek, Mateusz Antecki, Anna Maria Pyziel and Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
Animals 2026, 16(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040622 - 15 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1928
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary nematodes are an underrecognized cause of respiratory disease in domestic cats, with diagnosis often complicated by nonspecific clinical signs and limitations of fecal-based testing. Methods: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of feline lungworms in Poland and to describe lung [...] Read more.
Background: Pulmonary nematodes are an underrecognized cause of respiratory disease in domestic cats, with diagnosis often complicated by nonspecific clinical signs and limitations of fecal-based testing. Methods: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of feline lungworms in Poland and to describe lung ultrasound findings in a separate clinical cohort of cats. A nationwide coprological survey was conducted using pooled fecal samples from 1058 cats examined with Baermann and flotation techniques, supported by molecular diagnostics where available. Results: Overall, 9.83% of cats were positive for at least one parasite. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was the most frequently detected lungworm (7.18%), followed by Eucoleus aerophilus (2.17%) and Troglostrongylus brevior (0.47%). Lungworm infections were strongly associated with younger age and showed marked seasonal variation, with higher prevalence in autumn and winter. Lung ultrasound consistently revealed diffuse B-line artifacts and other signs of reduced lung aeration, often in the absence of severe respiratory signs. Following treatment with topical imidacloprid/moxidectin, complete resolution of ultrasonographic abnormalities and clinical signs was observed. Conclusions: These findings confirm that feline pulmonary nematodes are present in Poland and may be underdiagnosed. Lung ultrasound represents a sensitive and non-invasive tool for detecting and monitoring lung involvement, but should be interpreted in conjunction with epidemiological data, parasitological results and therapeutic response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases of Companion Animals)
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12 pages, 488 KB  
Article
Thoroughbred Geldings′ Career: Influence of Age at the Start of Training and Racing
by Mailin Hein, Nina Volkmann, Jeanette Probst, Nicole Kemper and Monica Venner
Animals 2026, 16(4), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040576 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 2118
Abstract
This retrospective report investigated whether starting racehorses’ training and racing early is associated with a less successful and a shorter racing career. The data of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses from the German Racehorse Association’s archiving programme were evaluated. The horses were classified into three [...] Read more.
This retrospective report investigated whether starting racehorses’ training and racing early is associated with a less successful and a shorter racing career. The data of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses from the German Racehorse Association’s archiving programme were evaluated. The horses were classified into three groups regarding their different ages when starting training and racing: early training (16–24 months old)/early racing (two years old); early training/late racing (>two years old); and late training (25–30 months). Statistical models investigated effects on the horses’ length of career. The results showed that the length of their racing career was influenced by sex; geldings showed the longest career as they do not enter breeding programmes, and were analyzed separately. Geldings entering training early, with their first race at two years old, showed higher ratings and a similar length of racing career than those with their first race at three years old or more. Thus, early racing appeared to have had no negative effect on the length of the racing career or perseverance in racing in the geldings investigated. Further studies researching training effects and physiological resilience should consider alternative explanations for racing selection criteria (e.g., early maturation advantage and prior unsoundness) and the reason for ending a racing career. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Factors Affecting the Performance of Sport Horses—Second Edition)
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24 pages, 521 KB  
Article
Effect of Replacing Conventional Corn with Corn Containing Thermostable α-Amylase Enzyme (AMY797E) in Standard and Low-Energy Diets in Laying Hens
by Deependra Paneru, Dima White, Milan Sharma, John Gonzalez and Woo Kim
Animals 2026, 16(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040582 - 12 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1185
Abstract
In laying hens, the undigested starch in conventional corn can reduce the efficiency of their diet. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of replacing conventional corn with a corn hybrid expressing thermostable α-amylase (Enogen corn) in standard and energy-deficient diets in laying [...] Read more.
In laying hens, the undigested starch in conventional corn can reduce the efficiency of their diet. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of replacing conventional corn with a corn hybrid expressing thermostable α-amylase (Enogen corn) in standard and energy-deficient diets in laying hens. A total of 320 White Leghorn hens were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design of corn type (conventional and Enogen) and energy density (standard and 200 kcal/kg reduction) from 18–45 weeks of age. Enogen corn diet improved overall feed efficiency by 8% (p < 0.001) and increased egg production by 6–10% (p < 0.05) during 35–45 weeks compared to conventional corn diet. Yolk weight was also improved by Enogen corn at 35 and 45 weeks (p < 0.05), with no significant effect on body weight and body composition (p > 0.05). Reducing dietary energy led to higher feed intake during 36–45 weeks (p = 0.017), worsened overall feed efficiency (p = 0.030), and decreased cortical bone mineral density (p = 0.035). In conclusion, replacing conventional corn with Enogen corn improved feed efficiency and egg production, whereas a 200 kcal/kg energy reduction triggered compensatory intake and impaired cortical bone quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Advances in Poultry Nutrition and Management, and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods: Second Edition)
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30 pages, 2743 KB  
Article
Genomic Insights into the Origins, Population Structure, and Local Adaptation of Philippine Visayan Native Cattle
by Jorge Michael D. Dominguez, Medino Gedeun N. Yebron, Jr., Joy B. Banayo, Ningbo Chen, Agapita J. Salces and Kwan Suk Kim
Animals 2026, 16(4), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040539 - 9 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2351
Abstract
The introduction of domestic cattle to the Philippines is often attributed to Spanish and Chinese sources, yet the origins and adaptive history of Philippine Visayan native cattle remain unclear. This study examined the ancestry, structure, and putative selection signals of the Visayan native [...] Read more.
The introduction of domestic cattle to the Philippines is often attributed to Spanish and Chinese sources, yet the origins and adaptive history of Philippine Visayan native cattle remain unclear. This study examined the ancestry, structure, and putative selection signals of the Visayan native cattle from Panay and Siquijor islands (VNC) in a global context. Using genome-wide SNP data, population structure was assessed by PCA, IBS/Nei/FST trees, and ADMIXTURE; historical relationships were explored with migration, f-statistics, and an admixture graph; and positive selection was scanned using commonly used methods such as ROH, Tajima’s D, iHS/XP-EHH, and FST with cross-validation across methods and functional enrichment of the overlapping regions. VNC exhibited low-to-moderate genetic diversity (Ho and He ≈ 0.21; and FIS = 0.01 to 0.02) with Siquijor enriched for long ROH segments indicating recent inbreeding. Across multiple complementary analyses, VNC showed predominantly indicine ancestry and occupied an intermediate bridge-like position between indicine from mainland Southeast Asia and from Southeastern China, with additional components that were most similar to Iberian taurine cattle and South Asian indicine. Moreover, the current study identified putative selection signatures that would possibly provide insights to better understand the local adaptation of VNC under insular tropical conditions of the Philippines: (1) small stature (HOXC cluster, STAC3, NXPH4, STARD13, RTN1), (2) heat tolerance and immune robustness (NDUFA4L2, SHMT2, ATP5MC2, ATF7, R3HDM2, CALCOCO1); (3) early reproductive and maturity reproductive performance (IGF2BP2, KL, LRP1, PDS5B). Overall, the VNC in Panay and Siquijor showed a predominantly indicine ancestry with putatively island-adapted physiology, emphasizing the need for conservation and island-specific breeding that preserves local adaptation while managing inbreeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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12 pages, 244 KB  
Article
The Effect of Photoperiod on the Profile of Prolactin, Leptin, Insulin and the Content of Bioactive Substances in Sheep Milk During the Rearing Period of Lambs
by Zuzanna Flis, Elżbieta Marciniak, Tomasz Misztal, Paulius Matusevičius, Marek Sady and Edyta Molik
Animals 2026, 16(4), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040531 - 8 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1741
Abstract
Photoperiod and seasonality influence reproduction and lactation in sheep, but their effects on milk hormones, milk composition, and lamb growth are not fully understood. This study assessed the effect of season on milk prolactin, leptin, and insulin concentrations, milk chemical composition, lactation performance, [...] Read more.
Photoperiod and seasonality influence reproduction and lactation in sheep, but their effects on milk hormones, milk composition, and lamb growth are not fully understood. This study assessed the effect of season on milk prolactin, leptin, and insulin concentrations, milk chemical composition, lactation performance, and lamb growth in Polish Mountain ewes. Forty ewes were divided into the following two groups: short-day (lambing in December, n = 20) and long-day (lambing in May, n = 20). Milk samples were collected on days 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 of lactation. Ewes in the long-day photoperiod had higher milk yield (p < 0.01) and higher prolactin and insulin concentrations (p < 0.01), whereas leptin concentrations did not differ seasonally. Milk from short-day ewes was characterized by higher dry matter and fat content (p < 0.01) and higher protein and lactose content (p < 0.05). Lambs from the long-day group achieved higher mean daily gain (p < 0.01). These results indicate that photoperiod influences lactation performance, milk composition, and offspring growth through seasonal hormonal and metabolic mechanisms, suggesting that appropriate lambing timing and day length manipulation can improve milk production efficiency and lamb growth in practical sheep production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hormone Shifts in Ruminant Reproduction in a Changing Climate)
14 pages, 2360 KB  
Article
Stress Responses in Dressage Horses: Insights from FEI Noseband Measurements Across National Competition Levels
by Simona Fialová, Dana Kuřitková and Eva Sobotková
Animals 2026, 16(3), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030518 - 6 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2557
Abstract
This pilot study investigated stress-related behaviors in 238 dressage horse–rider combinations competing at national levels from Elementary (A) to Grand Prix (GP). Noseband tightness was assessed on-site using the FEI noseband measuring device (FNMD), and all but two horses complied with FEI regulations. [...] Read more.
This pilot study investigated stress-related behaviors in 238 dressage horse–rider combinations competing at national levels from Elementary (A) to Grand Prix (GP). Noseband tightness was assessed on-site using the FEI noseband measuring device (FNMD), and all but two horses complied with FEI regulations. Video-based analysis quantified conflict behaviors including mouth opening, tail swishing, and changes in head–neck position. Because noseband tightness showed minimal variation, no meaningful association with behavioral expression could be determined. In contrast, competition level had a clear influence on both the frequency and type of stress-related behaviors. Horses in lower-level classes displayed a wide range of behaviors at relatively low frequency, while horses in higher-level tests showed fewer behavior types but exhibited them more often, with mouth opening becoming the predominant indicator. Horses ridden in a double bridle generally demonstrated higher proportions of conflict behavior than those ridden in a snaffle. A strong negative correlation between conflict behavior and performance scores was observed only at the lowest levels (A, L). From Medium level upward, judging scores no longer reflected the amount of stress behavior displayed. Overall, the findings indicate that increasing test difficulty is associated with a rise in stress-related behaviors and a narrowing of behavioral expression. These results highlight the importance of considering equipment choice and competition demands when evaluating stress in dressage horses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Ethics)
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16 pages, 264 KB  
Article
Full Replacement of Soybean Meal with Soybean Press Cake in Diets of Pigs Intended for Long-Cured Dry Ham Production
by Luca Sardi, Simona Belperio, Giovanna Martelli and Eleonora Nannoni
Animals 2026, 16(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030503 - 5 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1386
Abstract
The study investigated whether the full replacement of chemically solvent-extracted soybean meal (SM) with mechanically extracted soybean press cake (SC) could be carried out in pigs intended for dry-cured ham production. Eighty Italian heavy pigs were fattened and finished up to a body [...] Read more.
The study investigated whether the full replacement of chemically solvent-extracted soybean meal (SM) with mechanically extracted soybean press cake (SC) could be carried out in pigs intended for dry-cured ham production. Eighty Italian heavy pigs were fattened and finished up to a body weight of 165 kg, with half being fed a commercial diet containing SM and the other half fed an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diet in which SC fully replaced SM. Growth parameters, carcass traits, fresh meat and cured ham quality, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. Thighs were processed according to the Parma ham production rules, which require a long curing period. The only noteworthy differences observed concerned an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the subcutaneous fat of the SC group compared with the SM group (17.26 vs. 14.58%, p < 0.05, in fresh thighs and 15.83 vs. 12.14%, p < 0.01, in cured hams), and particularly in linoleic acid (14.85 vs. 13.01%, p < 0.01 in fresh thighs and 13.72 vs. 10.64%, p < 0.01 in cured hams), which is consistent with general nutritional recommendations favoring unsaturated over saturated fatty acids. These modifications did not affect the final quality, oxidative stability, or visual appearance of the long-cured hams. In conclusion, soybean cake–based diets can be applied throughout the production cycle of heavy pigs; however, higher inclusion levels should be carefully managed, as they may affect parameters related to suitability for dry curing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in the 'Animal Products' Section)
15 pages, 270 KB  
Article
Amino-Acid-Balanced Low-Protein Diets Reduce Nitrogen Excretion Without Affecting Growth Performance in Broilers
by Fumika Nanto-Hara, Tomoka Ema and Haruhiko Ohtsu
Animals 2026, 16(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030494 - 4 Feb 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock industry is essential for climate change mitigation. In poultry production, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from composted manure are a major concern because they are closely associated with nitrogen content in the manure. This study [...] Read more.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock industry is essential for climate change mitigation. In poultry production, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from composted manure are a major concern because they are closely associated with nitrogen content in the manure. This study investigated whether feeding broilers amino-acid-balanced low-crude-protein (AALP) diets throughout the entire rearing period could reduce nitrogen excretion without affecting growth performance. Thirty-six male broiler chicks were assigned to a control diet or an AALP diet, and nitrogen excretion was estimated over 50 days using chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Overall growth performance was maintained in the AALP group, with a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio during the grower phase. Organ weights were largely unaffected, although liver weight tended to increase. Nitrogen excretion was significantly reduced at most time points in the AALP group, with a cumulative reduction of 31.1% compared to the control, as estimated by model-based integration over days 7–47. These findings suggest that our designed AALP diets can effectively reduce nitrogen excretion while maintaining productivity, thereby contributing to sustainable poultry production and supporting national climate goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Sustainable Poultry Production: Innovations in Management and Nutrition)
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18 pages, 455 KB  
Article
Effect of Trace Mineral and Vitamin Injections on Performance, Immunity, Mineral Status, and Antioxidant Responses of Nellore Calves During the Pre-Weaning Phase
by Ronaldo G. Silva Júnior, Luciana N. Rennó, Matheus F. L. Ferreira, Ceres M. Della Lucia, Cristina M. Veloso, Aline G. da Silva, Naiara A. Marcos, Sidnei A. Lopes, Mateus A. Gonçalves, Lívya A. Oliveira and Gustavo C. M. M. Muanis
Animals 2026, 16(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030473 - 3 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate how injectable trace minerals and vitamins influence the mineral and vitamin status, hematological parameters, antioxidant capacity, metabolic profile, and performance of Nellore calves during the pre-weaning phase. A total of 38 grazing Nellore male calves [...] Read more.
The objective of this research was to investigate how injectable trace minerals and vitamins influence the mineral and vitamin status, hematological parameters, antioxidant capacity, metabolic profile, and performance of Nellore calves during the pre-weaning phase. A total of 38 grazing Nellore male calves with access to creep feeding were randomly assigned to two treatments: injectable supplementation of saline solution (saline; n = 19) or injectable supplementation of trace minerals (copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium) and vitamins (A and E) (ITMV; n = 19), administered on days 75 and 150 of the calves’ age. The injectable supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) body weight, average daily gain, body measurements, or carcass measurements throughout the experimental period from 75 to 218 days (7 days before weaning) of age. However, ITMV-treated calves showed higher (p ≤ 0.05) liver concentrations of Cu and Se on day 195 than saline calves. Higher plasma concentrations of Cu (days 195 and 218) and Se (days 135, 195, and 218) were observed for ITMV calves compared to the saline group. Furthermore, the ITMV group showed greater (p ≤ 0.05) glutathione peroxidase activity, higher red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, and a lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.04). In the metabolic profile, only a day effect was observed (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the injectable supplementation of trace minerals and vitamins in suckling Nellore calves improved copper and selenium status and optimized antioxidant capacity and hematological parameters, in addition to modulating the immune response towards a less inflammatory state, although it did not affect performance or the metabolic profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
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21 pages, 6830 KB  
Article
Development of a Mucosal Immune-Enhancing Oral Vaccine Candidate Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using Lactobacillus paracasei
by Yijie Yang, Ling Sui, Yuliang Zhao, Jiaxuan Li, Fengsai Li, Wen Cui, Yanping Jiang, Lijie Tang, Dianzhong Zheng and Xiaona Wang
Animals 2026, 16(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030471 - 3 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious virus that leads to severe diarrhea and high death rates in neonatal piglets. Because PEDV primarily infects the intestinal mucosa, the induction of effective mucosal immunity through oral vaccination represents a promising strategy for [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious virus that leads to severe diarrhea and high death rates in neonatal piglets. Because PEDV primarily infects the intestinal mucosa, the induction of effective mucosal immunity through oral vaccination represents a promising strategy for disease prevention. In this study, a recombinant Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) strain expressing a multicomponent fusion antigen composed of the PEDV S1 protein, M cell- and dendritic cell-targeting peptides, and the mucosal adjuvant LTB was constructed as a candidate oral vaccine. Pregnant mice orally immunized with the recombinant strain exhibited significantly increased levels of PEDV-specific serum IgG as well as secretory IgA (SIgA) in intestinal mucus and feces, both of which showed in vitro neutralizing activity. In addition, oral immunization markedly enhanced cellular immune responses, as indicated by elevated serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10. Notably, newborn mice delivered by immunized dams displayed significantly higher levels of PEDV-specific SIgA, demonstrating effective maternal antibody transfer. These results indicate that the recombinant L. paracasei strain can robustly induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses and confer maternal immune protection. This study emphasizes the possibility of oral vaccinations based on L. paracasei as a viable approach to the prevention and management of epidemic diarrhea in piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)
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14 pages, 267 KB  
Article
Preoperative Clinical Predictors of Histologic Malignancy and Carcinoma Grade in 286 Canine Mammary Nodules from 92 Bitches: A Retrospective Study
by Manuel Fuertes-Recuero, Paula García San José, Guillermo Valdivia, María Suarez-Redondo, Silvia Penelo, Mario Arenillas, Laura Camacho-Alonso, Laura Peña, Dolores Pérez-Alenza and Gustavo Ortiz-Díez
Animals 2026, 16(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030421 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1597
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours often present as multiple synchronous nodules, necessitating decisions regarding staging intensity and surgical planning prior to histology. We developed two preoperative nodule-level prediction models using only the medical history and physical examination of client-owned bitches with mammary disease, which were [...] Read more.
Canine mammary tumours often present as multiple synchronous nodules, necessitating decisions regarding staging intensity and surgical planning prior to histology. We developed two preoperative nodule-level prediction models using only the medical history and physical examination of client-owned bitches with mammary disease, which were staged using the WHO-modified TNM system with a M0 classification (no distant metastasis) at the time of presentation. This retrospective study analysed 286 surgically excised mammary nodules from 92 dogs managed under a standardised mammary oncology protocol; those with inflammatory mammary carcinoma or distant metastasis were excluded. The outcomes were (i) malignant versus benign/non-neoplastic histology (for all nodules) and (ii) intermediate/high histologic grade (II–III versus I) among carcinomas. Separate multivariable Firth penalised logistic regression models accounted for within-dog clustering with dog-level bootstrap internal validation. Multiple imputation was used in a sensitivity analysis for missingness in the detection-to-surgery interval. Malignancy was confirmed in 87/286 (30.4%) of the nodules (86 carcinomas), including 35/87 (40.2%) that measured less than 1 cm. Among complete cases (153 nodules), malignancy was associated with age at neutering, maximum tumour diameter, owner-reported rapid growth and a detection-to-surgery interval of more than 3.5 months (an exploratory ROC-derived threshold) with good discrimination (area under the curve (AUC) 0.805; optimism-corrected 0.799) and acceptable calibration. Among carcinomas (83 specimen), previous mammary tumours, bloody nipple discharge and fewer synchronous nodules were associated with intermediate/high malignancy grade (AUC 0.859). Sensitivity analyses yielded directionally consistent estimates. Routinely available clinical information may provide interpretable preoperative risk stratification to support staging and surgical planning, pending external validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Canine Mammary Tumors—2nd Edition)
16 pages, 286 KB  
Article
Fermented Rapeseed Meal Improves Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers by Enhancing Nutritional Value and Reducing Antinutritional Factors
by Yinghao Liu, Shuzhen Li, Xing Chen, Xinyi Zhai, Aijuan Zheng, Zhimin Chen, Jiang Chen, Zhiheng Zou and Guohua Liu
Animals 2026, 16(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030429 - 29 Jan 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1549
Abstract
This study evaluated changes in nutritional components and antinutritional factors in rapeseed meal before and after microbial fermentation. It further investigated the enhancements in its nutritional value and the growth-promoting effects of fermented rapeseed meal on broiler chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old [...] Read more.
This study evaluated changes in nutritional components and antinutritional factors in rapeseed meal before and after microbial fermentation. It further investigated the enhancements in its nutritional value and the growth-promoting effects of fermented rapeseed meal on broiler chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups, with 6 replicates per group and 10 birds per replicate. The broilers were fed a basal diet (CON), a diet with 5% soybean meal (SBM) replaced by RSM (RSM-5), or a diet with 5% SBM replaced by FRSM (FRSM-5). The date of the experiment was 28 June 2025. The results showed that FRSM improves protein quality and reduces the levels of antinutritional factors, including glucosinolates (GSL), phytic acid (PA), and condensed tannins (CT), compared with unfermented RSM. Additionally, FRSM enhances antioxidant capacity in vitro, significantly enhancing the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide anion radicals (O2•−). In the broiler feeding trial, the FRSM-5 group had significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) during the periods of 22–42 d and 1–42 d (p < 0.05), along with a significantly lower feed to gain ratio (F/G) (p < 0.05), compared with the CON and RSM-5 groups. Compared to the CON group, the FRSM-5 group showed a significantly higher slaughter rate (SR), full eviscerated rate (FER), and breast muscle rate (BMR) (p < 0.05), whereas the RSM-5 group had significantly lower SR and FER (p < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the serum and liver of the FRSM-5 group were significantly higher than those in the CON and RSM-5 groups (p < 0.05), and the serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM) levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the CON and RSM-5 groups, the FRSM-5 group exhibited a significant increase in duodenal villus height (VH) (p < 0.05), a significant reduction in duodenal crypt depth (CD) (p < 0.05), and a consequent significant increase in the VH/CD (p < 0.05). In conclusion, microbial fermentation effectively enhances the nutritional value of RSM by improving its nutrient composition and reducing antinutritional factors. Replacing 5% SBM with FRSM in broiler diets significantly improves growth performance, enhances antioxidant capacity and immune function, and optimizes intestinal morphological structure, thereby replacing part of the soybean meal in broiler diets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Feed for Livestock: Impacts on Nutrition and Food Quality)
18 pages, 6113 KB  
Article
Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression in Canine Splenic Lymphoid Hyperplasia, Complex Hyperplasia, Histiocytic Sarcoma, and Stromal Sarcoma
by Cleide Spröhnle-Barrera, Rachel Allavena and Chiara Palmieri
Animals 2026, 16(3), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030422 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1161
Abstract
Splenic nodules in dogs that were historically classified under the broad term “fibrohistiocytic nodules” are now recognised as distinct entities within likely a biological continuum. These include lymphoid hyperplasia extending to indolent lymphoma and complex hyperplasia to stromal sarcoma. However, the molecular mechanisms [...] Read more.
Splenic nodules in dogs that were historically classified under the broad term “fibrohistiocytic nodules” are now recognised as distinct entities within likely a biological continuum. These include lymphoid hyperplasia extending to indolent lymphoma and complex hyperplasia to stromal sarcoma. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these proposed progressions remain largely unexplored, particularly at the genomic and transcriptomic levels. This study aimed to delineate and compare the transcriptomic landscapes of four distinct canine splenic nodules through differential gene expression profiling. RNA sequencing was performed on twelve formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) splenic tissue samples obtained from dogs diagnosed with lymphoid hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, histiocytic sarcoma, and stromal sarcoma, with normal canine spleen serving as a control tissue. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identified 47 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between splenic nodules and normal spleen, including CSRP1, SLC40A1, C1QA, C1QC, DLA-12, FTL, FXYD6, MPEG1, OAS3, CSF1, and JMJD6. Furthermore, 39 DEGs were significantly altered among the four splenic lesion types, such as MLC1, ERAS, MOV10L1, LOC102152143, COL4A1, COL4A2, COL12A1, NOTCH3, PLOD2, CPXM2, MRC1, GALNT5, TIMP1, and TFPI2. Many of these genes have previously been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis in other malignancies. These findings suggest that dysregulated gene expression may contribute to the activation of stromal cells and macrophages within the spleen, facilitating malignant transformation. Overall, these findings deliver novel transcriptomic insights into canine splenic tumorigenesis that may improve diagnostic precision, inform prognostic assessment, and support the development of targeted therapeutic strategies in veterinary oncology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Genetic Diversity in Livestock and Companion Animals)
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27 pages, 4885 KB  
Article
AI–Driven Multimodal Sensing for Early Detection of Health Disorders in Dairy Cows
by Agne Paulauskaite-Taraseviciene, Arnas Nakrosis, Judita Zymantiene, Vytautas Jurenas, Joris Vezys, Antanas Sederevicius, Romas Gruzauskas, Vaidas Oberauskas, Renata Japertiene, Algimantas Bubulis, Laura Kizauskiene, Ignas Silinskas, Juozas Zemaitis and Vytautas Ostasevicius
Animals 2026, 16(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030411 - 28 Jan 2026
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3287
Abstract
Digital technologies that continuously quantify animal behavior, physiology, and production offer significant potential for the early identification of health and welfare disorders of dairy cows. In this study, a multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) framework is proposed for real-time health monitoring of dairy cows [...] Read more.
Digital technologies that continuously quantify animal behavior, physiology, and production offer significant potential for the early identification of health and welfare disorders of dairy cows. In this study, a multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) framework is proposed for real-time health monitoring of dairy cows through the integration of physiological, behavioral, production, and thermal imaging data, targeting veterinarian-confirmed udder, leg, and hoof infections. Predictions are generated at the cow-day level by aggregating multimodal measurements collected during daily milking events. The dataset comprised 88 lactating cows, including veterinarian-confirmed udder, leg, and hoof infections grouped under a single ‘sick’ label. To prevent information leakage, model evaluation was performed using a cow-level data split, ensuring that data from the same animal did not appear in both training and testing sets. The system is designed to detect early deviations from normal health trajectories prior to the appearance of overt clinical symptoms. All measurements, with the exception of the intra-ruminal bolus sensor, were obtained non-invasively within a commercial dairy farm equipped with automated milking and monitoring infrastructure. A key novelty of this work is the simultaneous integration of data from three independent sources: an automated milking system, a thermal imaging camera, and an intra-ruminal bolus sensor. A hybrid deep learning architecture is introduced that combines the core components of established models, including U-Net, O-Net, and ResNet, to exploit their complementary strengths for the analysis of dairy cow health states. The proposed multimodal approach achieved an overall accuracy of 91.62% and an AUC of 0.94 and improved classification performance by up to 3% compared with single-modality models, demonstrating enhanced robustness and sensitivity to early-stage disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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13 pages, 271 KB  
Article
Partial and Total Substitution of Soybean Meal with Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal in Japanese Quail Diets: Effects on Performance Criteria and Feed Cost Scenarios
by Nihan Öksüz Narinç, Nilgün Yapıcı, Ali Aygun and Doğan Narinç
Animals 2026, 16(3), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030415 - 28 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of graded replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, growth dynamics, carcass characteristics, and economic efficiency in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of graded replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, growth dynamics, carcass characteristics, and economic efficiency in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total of 300 one-day-old quail chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in which SBM was replaced with BSFLM at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% using isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Body weight was recorded weekly, feed intake was measured per cage, and growth dynamics were assessed using the Gompertz growth model. At 42 d of age, 150 quails were slaughtered to determine carcass yield and major carcass components, and economic evaluation was performed using scenario-based analyses to compare feed cost efficiency under contrasting ingredient price conditions. Dietary inclusion of BSFLM had no significant effects on body weight at any measured age, mortality rate, or carcass yield and composition. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved at the 50% BSFLM inclusion level, indicating improved feed efficiency at moderate replacement. Gompertz growth parameters, including mature weight, growth rate, and inflection point traits, were not affected by dietary treatment, confirming that intrinsic growth patterns were maintained. Economic analyses showed that partial replacement of SBM with BSFLM was associated with improved or stabilized feed cost efficiency depending on relative ingredient prices, whereas higher inclusion levels were more sensitive to unfavorable price conditions. In conclusion, BSFLM can be incorporated into Japanese quail diets without detrimental effects on growth performance or carcass traits, with moderate inclusion levels providing the most consistent balance between biological efficiency and economic robustness, thereby supporting risk-aware and sustainable poultry feeding strategies under variable market conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Advances in Poultry Nutrition and Management, and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods: Second Edition)
19 pages, 870 KB  
Article
War Exposure and Canine Cortisol Responses: Country Differences in Cortisol Profiles of Therapy Dogs
by Sandra Foltin, Svitlana Kostenko, Ann-Danielle Hartwig and Lisa Maria Glenk
Animals 2026, 16(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030381 - 25 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4378
Abstract
Dog-assisted interventions (DAIs) are an established procedure to support military staff, but their implementation during active warfare has not yet been systematically studied. In addition, the welfare of therapy dogs participating in DAIs during war remains unexplored. Therapy dogs may develop clinically relevant [...] Read more.
Dog-assisted interventions (DAIs) are an established procedure to support military staff, but their implementation during active warfare has not yet been systematically studied. In addition, the welfare of therapy dogs participating in DAIs during war remains unexplored. Therapy dogs may develop clinically relevant emotional disorders, including trauma-related stress responses, analogous to human psychopathologies. The present study sought to monitor physiological arousal in therapy dogs performing DAI sessions with their handlers in two Ukrainian military hospitals (Vinnyzja and Kyiv). Biomarkers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, including salivary, urinary, and hair cortisol concentrations, were assessed in Ukrainian (UA) therapy dogs to capture their acute and long-term stress responses. Additionally, cortisol levels in German (GE) therapy dogs performing similar DAIs under peaceful conditions were measured to compare cortisol levels between dogs from both regions. Results suggest that GE therapy dogs exhibited significantly higher urinary concentrations, reflecting alterations in longer-term glucocorticoid secretion that is possibly caused by war-related stimulation in the UA cohort. In contrast, no significant differences in salivary cortisol emerged as a consequence of performing DAIs. The present findings suggest that the environment rather than involvement in DAIs has an impact on therapy dogs’ cortisol secretion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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20 pages, 2214 KB  
Article
Evaluation of the Beef Cattle Systems Model to Replicate a Beef Cow Genotype × Nutritional Environment Interaction
by Ivy Elkins, Phillip A. Lancaster, Robert L. Larson and Logan Thompson
Animals 2026, 16(3), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16030372 - 24 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1762
Abstract
Cow efficiency is vitally important to beef sustainability, and computer simulation models may be useful tools to identify characteristics of the most efficient cow genotypes for a given production environment. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether the Beef Cattle Systems [...] Read more.
Cow efficiency is vitally important to beef sustainability, and computer simulation models may be useful tools to identify characteristics of the most efficient cow genotypes for a given production environment. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether the Beef Cattle Systems Model could replicate empirical research demonstrating a genotype–nutritional environment interaction for efficiency of feed conversion to calves weaned. Combinations of cow genotypes for lactation potential (8, 10, and 12 kg/d at peak milk) and growth potential (450, 505, and 650 kg mature weight) were simulated across four dry matter intake levels (58, 76, 93, and 111 g/kg BW0.75). At lower dry matter intakes, cows had lesser body condition scores and weight and longer postpartum intervals, but dry matter intake had minimal influence on pregnancy percentage or calf-weaning weight. These trends match empirical research except for pregnancy percentage, where decreasing dry matter intake had a dramatic effect on pregnancy percentage in high-milking, high-growth-potential genotypes. Efficiency of feed conversion was greatest at low dry matter intake for the model simulation with no evidence of a genotype–dry matter intake interaction, which is in contrast to empirical research demonstrating a genotype–dry matter intake interaction. In conclusion, standard nutrition equations do not replicate the genotype–nutritional environment interaction observed in empirical research studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cattle Genetics and Breeding)
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43 pages, 1026 KB  
Review
Insights into Non-Antibiotic Alternative and Emerging Control Strategies for Chicken Coccidiosis
by Rochelle A. Flores, Paula Leona C. Fletcher, Kyu-Yeol Son and Wongi Min
Animals 2026, 16(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020348 - 22 Jan 2026
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3137
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by an obligate intracellular parasite of the genus Eimeria, is the most economically parasitic disease in poultry. Long-term reliance on synthetic anticoccidials and ionophores has accelerated the emergence of drug resistance and intensified the need for effective, residue-free alternatives. This [...] Read more.
Coccidiosis, caused by an obligate intracellular parasite of the genus Eimeria, is the most economically parasitic disease in poultry. Long-term reliance on synthetic anticoccidials and ionophores has accelerated the emergence of drug resistance and intensified the need for effective, residue-free alternatives. This narrative review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed studies published between 1998 and 2025, summarizing advances in non-antibiotic control strategies encompassing five domains: (i) phytochemicals and botanicals, (ii) functional nutrition and mineral modulators, (iii) microbial and gut modulators, (iv) host-directed immunological and biotechnological approaches, and (v) precision and omics-guided biotherapeutic platforms. These approaches consistently reduce lesion severity, oocyst shedding, oxidative stress, and mortality while improving growth parameters in a variety of Eimeria models. However, translation to field settings remains constrained by variable bioactive composition, limited standardization, inadequate pharmacokinetic data, and the scarcity of large-scale, multi-farm validation studies. This review provides a concise summary of current evidence and delineates critical knowledge gaps to guide the development, optimization, and deployment of next-generation anticoccidial strategies. Together, natural products and emerging biotechnologies provide a promising foundation for sustainable, high-welfare, antibiotic-independent coccidiosis control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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18 pages, 288 KB  
Article
The Impact of Heat Load on Behaviour and Physiology of Beef Cattle: Preliminary Validation of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Indicators
by Musadiq Idris, Megan Sullivan, John B. Gaughan and Clive J. C. Phillips
Animals 2026, 16(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020308 - 19 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 872
Abstract
Early diagnosis of heat load in beef cattle remains a challenge due to the limited understanding of behaviour-based indicators. This preliminary longitudinal study aimed to validate behavioural and physiological responses previously identified as heat load indicators. Black Angus steers were exposed to high [...] Read more.
Early diagnosis of heat load in beef cattle remains a challenge due to the limited understanding of behaviour-based indicators. This preliminary longitudinal study aimed to validate behavioural and physiological responses previously identified as heat load indicators. Black Angus steers were exposed to high environmental temperatures expected to cause heat load in the following sequence: an initial thermoneutral period, a hot period, and a recovery period. Changes in the positioning of key body parts, feeding behaviour, body maintenance, respiratory dynamics, and eye temperature were monitored. In the hot period, cattle increased their respiration rate, panting, and infrared eye temperature. Increased stepping by their left limbs suggested involvement of the right brain hemisphere in a stress response to high environmental temperatures. Cattle also held their heads more downward, ears backward, and their tail vertical, and reduced eating, grooming, and scratching during the hot period. Cattle responses to hot conditions were persistent in the recovery period, reflecting diagnostic relevance of the head, ear, and tail movements, stepping, especially by left limbs, and infrared eye temperature as non-invasive tools to identify heat load condition in cattle. The study reinforces our understanding of the specific behavioural and physiological responses to heat load condition, especially those involving left-limb stepping, ear and tail posture, and infrared eye temperature, are reliable indicators for identifying cattle experiencing high environmental temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Technologies for Enhancing Health, Behavior Monitoring, and Welfare in Animals)
18 pages, 3856 KB  
Article
A Follicle Size Window of Competence for In Vitro Embryo Production in High-Producing Dairy Cows: Evidence from OPU-IVP Performance and Follicular Fluid Profiling
by Mingmao Yang, Zhibing Wang, Baoli Shen, Shangnan Li, Yaochang Wei, Yifan Li, Longgang Yan, Mengkun Sun, Dong Zhou and Yaping Jin
Animals 2026, 16(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020274 - 16 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234
Abstract
A key objective of the dairy industry is to balance genetic progress with reproductive efficiency. Ovum pick-up followed by in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVP) is a pivotal technology for accelerating genetic gain. However, the relationship between follicle size and oocyte developmental competence in [...] Read more.
A key objective of the dairy industry is to balance genetic progress with reproductive efficiency. Ovum pick-up followed by in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVP) is a pivotal technology for accelerating genetic gain. However, the relationship between follicle size and oocyte developmental competence in high-producing dairy cows under hormonal stimulation remains to be fully elucidated. This study systematically evaluated the effects of follicle diameter ovum pick-up on OPU-IVP outcomes and the underlying follicular fluid (FF) microenvironment. A total of 109 high-yielding Holstein cows were subjected to ovarian stimulation and OPU. Follicles were categorized as small (2.0–5.9 mm), medium (6.0–9.9 mm), or large (10.0–20.0 mm). Oocyte recovery, quality, and developmental competence were assessed. FF was analyzed for hormonal profiles, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone (PROG); oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC); and untargeted metabolomics (n = 10 per group). Consistently, oocytes from medium follicles exhibited superior developmental competence, achieving the highest maturation (89.93%), cleavage (72.19%), and blastocyst rates (41.88%). In contrast, large follicles had a low recovery rate (32.64%), a high proportion of degenerated oocytes (32.00%), and reduced embryonic efficiency. Metabolomic profiling revealed distinct microenvironmental differences, with medium follicles enriched in pathways like pyruvate metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism indicating an optimal metabolic state. Hormonally, AMH decreased while E2 and PROG increased with follicle size. Large follicles exhibited significantly elevated MDA levels, indicating oxidative stress, without a concurrent rise in antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, while small follicles provide an abundant source of morphologically good oocytes, medium follicles (6.0–9.9 mm) represent a distinct “window of competence” for OPU-IVP, characterized by a follicular microenvironment most conducive to embryo production. Excessive reliance on large follicle aspiration should be avoided due to signs of over-maturity and oxidative damage. These findings provide a physiological basis for optimizing OPU strategies to enhance IVP efficiency in high-producing dairy cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)
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17 pages, 437 KB  
Article
Effects of Hand-Rearing and Group Size on Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Social Competence in Captivity
by Lindsay E. Murray
Animals 2026, 16(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020250 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1620
Abstract
The behavior of individual animals reflects both internal states and external context. For captive animals, their early life experiences can influence later adjustment, particularly their social competence. In addition, the way in which they are housed and their current social grouping context are [...] Read more.
The behavior of individual animals reflects both internal states and external context. For captive animals, their early life experiences can influence later adjustment, particularly their social competence. In addition, the way in which they are housed and their current social grouping context are important factors affecting the expression of social skills. Here, the social behavior of 39 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was observed to assess whether differences existed due to how the apes were reared and grouped. Behaviors recorded related specifically to five main components: Sociability, Grooming, Play, Responsibility and Aggression. Chimpanzees in larger groups groomed and played more, while those housed in pairs or trios displayed more and spent more time alone. Mother-reared chimpanzees took more responsibility for soliciting grooming, and interactions between grouping and rearing on chimpanzee agonistic display rates highlighted how both hand- and mother-reared chimpanzees display more if housed in small groups rather than large. Implications for the optimal management and welfare of this highly intelligent and social species are discussed in light of the importance of early life experiences in modulating the impact of current social environment on chimpanzee social profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Zoo Animals)
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21 pages, 751 KB  
Review
Euthanasia Methods in Invertebrates: A Critical Narrative Review of Methodological and Welfare Standards
by Jaco Bakker, Melissa A. de la Garza, Margot Morel, Anne H. Outwater, John Chipangura, Job B. G. Stumpel, Francis Vercammen, Gregory A. Lewbart and Remco A. Nederlof
Animals 2026, 16(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020222 - 12 Jan 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3488
Abstract
Invertebrates are increasingly consumed and kept as pets, research models, and in zoological exhibits, creating a growing need to better understand their clinical management and welfare. However, the knowledge regarding nociception, pain perception, and euthanasia in invertebrates remains limited, and standardized protocols are [...] Read more.
Invertebrates are increasingly consumed and kept as pets, research models, and in zoological exhibits, creating a growing need to better understand their clinical management and welfare. However, the knowledge regarding nociception, pain perception, and euthanasia in invertebrates remains limited, and standardized protocols are largely absent. Current guidelines are incomplete, often anecdotal, and omit several major invertebrate phyla. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of the literature, aiming to critically evaluate existing euthanasia methods, associated welfare implications, and opportunities for refinement. The amount of peer-reviewed species-specific literature is limited and scattered. In addition, most described methods are insufficiently studied and/or do not align with our definition of euthanasia. Based on the available literature, and to provide practical guidance despite these limitations, we propose a two-step approach to invertebrate euthanasia. The first step consists of inducing anesthesia to achieve loss of responsiveness, followed by a second step; a terminal procedure involving physical or chemical destruction of the brain or major ganglia. Our review focuses on the application of this two-step approach. The effectiveness and humaneness of euthanasia techniques vary considerably across taxa and life stages. Substantial further research is required to validate and optimize humane end-of-life procedures for diverse invertebrate species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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25 pages, 1670 KB  
Review
Staphylococcus spp. Epidemiology, Virulence, Genomic Adaptability and Coinfection in Broiler Chickens
by Delvin O. Combar, Sung J. Yu, Emmanuel Asare, Thi T. H. Van, Yadav S. Bajagai and Dragana Stanley
Animals 2026, 16(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020208 - 9 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2325
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are saprophytic, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogens that frequently co-infect with other microorganisms, causing severe infections in birds. Some of the notable examples include bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), cellulitis, dermatitis, and systemic infections. Understanding of how Staphylococcus spp. cause infections evading [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus species are saprophytic, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogens that frequently co-infect with other microorganisms, causing severe infections in birds. Some of the notable examples include bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), cellulitis, dermatitis, and systemic infections. Understanding of how Staphylococcus spp. cause infections evading the host immune system is crucial for helping farmers and veterinarians develop long-term solutions for poultry production system management. The aim of this review is to broaden the understanding of Staphylococcus spp. epidemiology, virulence, genomic adaptability and coinfection patterns. The peer-reviewed articles were obtained from various databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed. The review primarily focused on papers published between 1999 and 2025. The review presents an opportunity to identify research gaps and apply this knowledge to develop innovative approaches to address staphylococcal infections in broiler chickens. Additionally, BCO is often attributed to coinfection with Staphylococcus species and other pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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16 pages, 880 KB  
Review
Factors Affecting Flock Uniformity in Broiler Production: Individual, Environmental, and Management Characteristics
by Janghan Choi, Doyun Goo, Hanseo Ko, Jihwan Lee and Woo Kyun Kim
Animals 2026, 16(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020185 - 8 Jan 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2802
Abstract
Flock uniformity is a critical factor influencing productivity, production efficiency, animal welfare, and overall economic outcomes in broiler production. Despite its importance, uniformity is often overlooked in commercial settings, where production goals typically focus on maximizing average BW and overall flock performance rather [...] Read more.
Flock uniformity is a critical factor influencing productivity, production efficiency, animal welfare, and overall economic outcomes in broiler production. Despite its importance, uniformity is often overlooked in commercial settings, where production goals typically focus on maximizing average BW and overall flock performance rather than minimizing variation among individual birds. This review aims to summarize the diverse factors that affect flock uniformity in broilers. Under standard conditions between days 14 and 49, flock uniformity typically reaches approximately 90%. Both intrinsic factors, such as genetics, initial BW, age, sex, and rearing method, and extrinsic factors, including housing, management, and vaccination practices, have been shown to influence uniformity. Environmental and management challenges, such as heat stress, nutrient deficiencies, microbial infections, high stocking density, feed form, and mixed-sex rearing, can further reduce uniformity by 2.5–15%. These findings highlight the high sensitivity of flock uniformity to multiple stressors, which may interact rather than act independently. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to consider both baseline and challenging factors in broiler production and support the development of targeted management and environmental strategies to improve flock uniformity and enhance overall production efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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16 pages, 2008 KB  
Article
Genomic Differentiation and Diversity in Persian Gulf Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) Revealed by the First Whole-Genome Sequencing Study
by Mohammadali Farahvashi, Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi, Majid Askari-Hesni, Zeinab Amiri Ghanatsaman and Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaei
Animals 2026, 16(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020169 - 7 Jan 2026
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
This is the first WGS study of the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) from the Persian Gulf. Sequencing of 17 individuals from four nesting islands in the southern part of Iran’s coastline revealed population-level genetic differentiation with consistently low rates of [...] Read more.
This is the first WGS study of the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) from the Persian Gulf. Sequencing of 17 individuals from four nesting islands in the southern part of Iran’s coastline revealed population-level genetic differentiation with consistently low rates of nucleic diversity and differentiated demographic footprints in sampling populations in the Persian Gulf. In a population structure analysis, four populations were discovered; Shidvar had long-term isolation and Nakhiloo demonstrated admixture and higher heterogeneity. ROH and LD profiles are consistent with past bottlenecks, rather than recent inbreeding, and reflect each island’s demographic history. The observed fine-scale genomic divergence (e.g., even between sites in close proximity, such as Ommolgorm and Nakhiloo) suggests that natal homing and local environmental selection are meaningful drivers of genetic differentiation, and that specific conservation strategies should be implemented at each site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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29 pages, 1691 KB  
Review
Phosphorus Metabolism and Function in Ruminants: Current Knowledge
by Beata Abramowicz, Ewa Tomaszewska, Oliwia Brzezińska, Karolina Kłos, Miroslav Urosevic and Łukasz Kurek
Animals 2026, 16(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010130 - 2 Jan 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3779
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key macromineral essential for numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, skeletal mineralization, and cellular signaling. In dairy cattle, its homeostasis is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Phosphorus deficiency is common during the [...] Read more.
Phosphorus (P) is a key macromineral essential for numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, skeletal mineralization, and cellular signaling. In dairy cattle, its homeostasis is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Phosphorus deficiency is common during the transition period and is associated with reduced milk yield, anemia, muscle weakness, and immunosuppression in severe or prolonged cases. This review summarizes the current understanding of phosphorus metabolism in ruminants, emphasizing differences from monogastric species, hormonal regulation, and the clinical manifestations of deficiency. Particular attention is given to postpartum hypophosphatemia, its relationship with acute-phase proteins, and the pathogenesis of postpartum hemoglobinuria and recumbency. The review also discusses diagnostic methods for assessing phosphorus status, recent findings on FGF23 physiology in cattle, and including demonstrated effects of phosphorus imbalance on periparturient immune suppression and increased environmental phosphorus losses through manure. Maintaining optimal phosphorus nutrition is crucial for bovine health, productivity, and reduction in environmental phosphorus losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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13 pages, 568 KB  
Review
Microbiota in the Early Lives of Sheep: A Short Overview on the Rumen Microbiota
by Antonio Bevilacqua, Suleman Khan, Mariangela Caroprese, Barbara Speranza, Angela Racioppo and Marzia Albenzio
Animals 2026, 16(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010080 - 27 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2338
Abstract
A key area of research is the role played by the gut microbiota in the health of sheep during the early period of life; consequently, understanding its complexity may have significant implications for sheep farming. While factors such as diet, age, health status, [...] Read more.
A key area of research is the role played by the gut microbiota in the health of sheep during the early period of life; consequently, understanding its complexity may have significant implications for sheep farming. While factors such as diet, age, health status, and environmental conditions are crucial for determining the composition of the gut microbiota, there are very few summaries on the gut microbiota in early life and only a limited number of reviews considering the gut microbiota in adult (sheep) life. Accordingly, after a brief introduction to the generic qualitative and quantitative composition of the gut microbiota in sheep, this review focuses on its development in early life, with primary attention given to the rumen. It then provides an overview of factors that may modulate the microbiota, with a particular focus on prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. The optimisation of these processes in sheep may enhance digestibility, immunity, and overall production efficiency. The review also highlights key challenges associated with the adoption of management strategies based on the integration of microbial approaches in modern livestock systems with the aim of enhancing animal welfare, sustainability, and production efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)
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18 pages, 932 KB  
Review
Assessing Executive Cognitive Functions in Sheep: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature on Cognitive Tasks
by Davide Galanti, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Sara Barbieri and Michela Minero
Animals 2025, 15(24), 3647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243647 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1246
Abstract
The study of cognitive processes in sheep (Ovis aries) has gained interest in recent years, particularly for their potential as a model species in translational medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify, classify, and describe cognitive tasks developed to assess executive [...] Read more.
The study of cognitive processes in sheep (Ovis aries) has gained interest in recent years, particularly for their potential as a model species in translational medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify, classify, and describe cognitive tasks developed to assess executive functions in sheep. A literature search followed PRISMA guidelines and used CAB Abstracts, PubMed, and Scopus to identify studies on cognitive tasks in sheep from 1 January 2010, to 4 August 2025. The search yielded 2873 records; after removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, 20 studies were analyzed. Data on animal categories, test methods, and timing were collected. The selected studies were grouped by cognitive domain: memory and flexibility (13), sensory discrimination (6), and problem-solving (6). All studies describe specific testing apparatuses tailored to assess distinct cognitive functions, detailing materials, apparatus dimensions, and the importance of pre-test periods, as well as the necessity of a reward system. The review emphasizes ethical testing that minimizes animal stress, supporting welfare. Standardizing cognitive tests can improve reliability, and comparability while integrating neurobiology, ethology, and welfare knowledge advances research and livestock care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)
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13 pages, 254 KB  
Review
Attributing Farm-to-Slaughter Emissions to Hides: Evidence from Beef Supply Chains
by Mondina Francesca Lunesu, Fabio Correddu, Silvia Carta, Sara Sechi, Marco Farina and Giuseppe Pulina
Animals 2025, 15(24), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243546 - 9 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1164
Abstract
To ensure transparent Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), climate impacts from cattle production must be consistently allocated among meat, milk and raw hides. This review examines allocation boundaries, compares physical and economic methods, and evaluates the upstream burden attributable to hides using extensive data [...] Read more.
To ensure transparent Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), climate impacts from cattle production must be consistently allocated among meat, milk and raw hides. This review examines allocation boundaries, compares physical and economic methods, and evaluates the upstream burden attributable to hides using extensive data from the Italian beef sector. Three hypotheses were tested: that hides, as marketable co-products, bear a non-zero share of upstream emissions (H1); that the burden assigned by economic allocation is lower than that assigned by physical (mass-based) allocation (H2); that allocation shares vary over time according to hide/meat price ratios (H3). The results from large-scale Italian datasets confirmed all three hypotheses. Physical allocation attributed an average of 5.9% of live weight to hides, whereas economic allocation assigned an average of 2.7% in 2023, decreasing over the historical price series. Consistent with available inventories, the upstream carbon footprint of raw hides was found to range from 1.63 kg CO2e/kg (economic allocation) to 3.55 kg CO2e/kg (physical allocation) when GWP100 was used. These findings demonstrate that neglecting co-product allocation leads to the systematic overestimation of the environmental impact of meat and the underestimation of the environmental impact of leather. Overall, economic allocation is the most appropriate and policy-aligned approach to hide accounting, reflecting market value and reducing methodological bias in beef-chain life cycle assessments (LCAs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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