PNI Biomarkers and Health Outcomes in College Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Are there any differences in the characteristics of perceived stress, morning fatigue severity, depressive symptoms, daytime sleepiness, nocturnal total sleep time, activity level, physical symptoms, and PNI markers between the good sleepers and poor sleepers?
- To what degree are depressive symptoms explained by the individual’s personal characteristics (i.e., age, body mass index), perceived stress, sleep disturbances, and PNI markers?
- To what degree are physical symptoms explained by an individual’s personal characteristics (i.e., age, body mass index), perceived stress, sleep disturbances, and PNI markers?
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
Sleep stratum | Phase I sleep quality index in the PSQI | Phase I school night sleep deviation index | Phase I non-school night sleep deviation index |
---|---|---|---|
Poor sleeper | >5 | Highest quintile | Highest quintile |
Good sleeper | ≤5 | Lowest quintile | Lowest quintile |
2.2. Study Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics between Good Sleepers and Poor Sleepers
Variables | Whole Group (N = 29) | Good Sleepers (n = 14) | Poor Sleepers (n = 15) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years (Mean ± SD) | 25.3 ± 7.1 | 24.9 ± 4.8 | 25.8 ± 8.9 |
Ethnic group (n[%]) | |||
White | 8 (27.6) | 4 (28.6) | 4 (26.7) |
Black | 9 (31.0) | 3 (21.4) | 6 (40.0) |
Hispanic | 4 (13.8) | 4 (28.6) | --- |
Asian | 8 (27.6) | 3 (21.4) | 5 (33.3) |
Currently working (n[%]) | 15 (51.7) | 9 (64.3) | 6 (40.0) |
Marital status (n[%]) | |||
Married/partner | 9 (31.0) | 5 (35.7) | 4 (26.6) |
Single | 19 (65.5) | 9 (64.3) | 10 (66.7) |
Financial difficulty (n[%]) | 20 (69.0) | 9 (64.3) | 11 (73.3) |
BMI (Mean ± SD) | 24.4 (6.6) | 25.4 (7.8) | 23.4 (3.5) |
SDI (Mean ± SE) | |||
7-days | 0.054 ± 0.010 | 0.031 ± 0.007 | 0.075 ± 0.017 * |
Weekdays | 0.066 ± 0.011 | 0.034 ± 0.008 | 0.095 ± 0.017 ** |
Weekends | 0.051 ± 0.009 | 0.034 ± 0.009 | 0.067 ± 0.015 |
PSQI (Mean ± SD) | 6.27 ± 2.99 | 4.14 ± 4.1 | 8.3 ± 2.6 ** |
Variables (cut-off) | Whole Group (N = 29) | Good Sleepers (n = 14) | Poor Sleepers (n = 15) |
---|---|---|---|
PSS (>13.6) | 14.5 ± 6.5 | 11.4 ± 5.4 * | 17.3 ± 6.3 * |
ESS (>9) | 8.3 ± 4.8 | 5.5 ± 3.7 ** | 11.0 ± 4.2 ** |
CESD (>16) | 9.9 ± 7.3 | 6.5 ± 3.2 * | 13.1 ± 8.7 * |
PSI | 5.1 ± 2.9 | 3.9 ± 2.3 * | 6.3 ± 2.9 * |
TST (<420 minutes) | 397.8 ± 58.2 | 402.3 ± 41.8 | 393.6 ± 71.5 |
WASO (>10%) | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 6.0 ± 4.6 |
CAR | 0.68 ± 0.11 | 0.70 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ±0.13 |
NRS-F (>3.2) | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.5 |
Acrophase (time format) | 15:43 ± 1:34 | 15:18 ± 1:16 | 16:09 ± 1:46 |
IL-1B (pg/mL) | 0.57 ± 0.65 | 0.34 ± 0.34 | 0.72 ± 0.84 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.16 ± 7.47 | 3.89 ±5.56 | 4.40 ± 9.1 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 15.99 ± 20.10 | 10.05 ± 5.57 | 21.53 ± 26.67 |
TNF (pg/mL) | 0.79 ± 1.50 | 0.49 ± 0.89 | 1.06 ± 1.89 |
CRP (<6 mg/L) | 2.88 ± 3.21 | 3.59 ± 3.98 | 2.23 ± 2.23 |
Cortisol (µg/mL) | 41.44 ± 3.04 | 40.90 ± 3.39 | 41.95 ± 2.70 |
Melatonin (pg/mL) | 37.62 ± 25.75 | 43.15 ± 32.61 | 32.47 ± 16.74 |
Serotonin (ng/mL) | 231.47 ± 321.05 | 162.82 ± 36.13 | 295.53 ± 442.52 |
Variables | PSS | PSQI | ESS | CESD | PSI | IL1-β | IL-6 | IL-10 | TNF-α | Cortisol | CRP | Melatonin | Serotonin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSS | --- | ||||||||||||
PSQI | 0.44 * | --- | |||||||||||
ESS | 0.58 ** | 0.51 ** | --- | ||||||||||
CESD | 0.71 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.35 | --- | |||||||||
PSI | 0.29 | 0.40 * | 0.42 * | 0.47 * | --- | ||||||||
IL-1β | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.04 | --- | |||||||
IL-6 | −0.01 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.16 | 0.09 | --- | ||||||
IL-10 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.42 * | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.32 | --- | |||||
TNF-α | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.004 | 0.18 | −0.16 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.18 | --- | ||||
Cortisol | −0.05 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.10 | --- | |||
CRP | −0.24 | 0.09 | −0.29 | −0.13 | −0.18 | −0.24 | 0.64 ** | 0.10 | −0.05 | 0.15 | --- | ||
Melatonin | 0.05 | −0.07 | 0.09 | 0.13 | −0.03 | −0.13 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.31 | −0.04 | --- | |
Serotonin | 0.12 | 0.39 * | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.44 * | −0.02 | 0.31 | 0.28 | −0.26 | 0.41 * | 0.30 | 0.25 | --- |
3.2. Predictors for Depressive Symptoms and Physical Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, S.-Y.; Vasireddi, M.; Chen, Y.P.; Wang, Y.T.; Hilliard, J. PNI Biomarkers and Health Outcomes in College Women. Healthcare 2014, 2, 207-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare2020207
Lee S-Y, Vasireddi M, Chen YP, Wang YT, Hilliard J. PNI Biomarkers and Health Outcomes in College Women. Healthcare. 2014; 2(2):207-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare2020207
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Shih-Yu, Mugdha Vasireddi, Yu Ping Chen, Yong Tai Wang, and Julia Hilliard. 2014. "PNI Biomarkers and Health Outcomes in College Women" Healthcare 2, no. 2: 207-219. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare2020207