Resource Efficiency Assessment—Comparing a Plug-In Hybrid with a Conventional Combustion Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
Category | Description | Category Indicator |
---|---|---|
Political stability | Governance stability of producing countries | World Governance Indicators [14] |
Demand growth | Increase of demand over the last five years | Percentage of annual growth based on past developments (based on data from British Geological Service [20]) |
Companion metal | Companion metals within host metal ore bodies | Percentage of production as companion metal [21] |
Primary material use | Recycling content of a material | Percentage of new material content [22] |
Mining capacities | Overall mining time of a material considering current production | Reserve-to-annual-production ratio (based on data from United States Geological Service [23] and British Geological Service [20]) |
Company concentration | Company concentration based on producing companies | HHI(1)—index is calculated by squaring the market share of each company or country with regard to the production or reserves [24] |
Concentration of reserves | Reserve concentration of certain materials based on reserves in countries | |
Concentration of production | Concentration of mine production based on production in countries | |
Trade barriers | Materials underlying trade barriers | Enabling Trade Index [25] |
Feasibility of exploration projects | Political and societal factors influencing opening of mines | Policy Potential Index [26] |
Price fluctuation | Unexpected price fluctuations | Volatility [27] |
3. Case Study of Mercedes-Benz C-Class
3.1. Product Documentation of the C 250 and C 350 e
3.1.1. Technical Data
Technical Data | C 250 | C 350 e |
---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | 1435 1 | 1705 |
Output (kW) | 155 | 155 + 60 (electric motor) |
Fuel consumption NEDC 2 combined (l/100 km) | 5.3 | 2.1 |
Electric energy consumption NEDC 2 combined (kWh/100 km) | - | 11.0 |
Electric range (km) | - | 31 |
Driving share petrol engine (%) | 100 | 45 3 |
Driving share electric motor (%) | - | 55 3 |
CO2 (g/km) | 123 | 48 |
3.1.2. Material Composition
3.2. Assessment of Different Resource Efficiency Dimensions Considered in the ESSENZ Method
3.2.1. Physical Availability
3.2.2. Socio-Economic Availability
3.2.3. Environmental Impacts
3.2.4. Summary of the Results
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Henßler, M.; Bach, V.; Berger, M.; Finkbeiner, M.; Ruhland, K. Resource Efficiency Assessment—Comparing a Plug-In Hybrid with a Conventional Combustion Engine. Resources 2016, 5, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources5010005
Henßler M, Bach V, Berger M, Finkbeiner M, Ruhland K. Resource Efficiency Assessment—Comparing a Plug-In Hybrid with a Conventional Combustion Engine. Resources. 2016; 5(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources5010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenßler, Martin, Vanessa Bach, Markus Berger, Matthias Finkbeiner, and Klaus Ruhland. 2016. "Resource Efficiency Assessment—Comparing a Plug-In Hybrid with a Conventional Combustion Engine" Resources 5, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources5010005