Effect of Different Feed Structures and Bedding on the Horizontal Spread of Campylobacter jejuni within Broiler Flocks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Challenge Strains
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. DNA Isolation
2.5. C. jejuni Detection
2.6. Typing of Colonizing C. jejuni Strain
2.7. Microbiota Analyses in Cecum
2.7.1. Pyrosequencing
2.7.2. Real-Time Quantification of Specific Bacterial Groups
3. Results
3.1. Horizontal Spread of C. jejuni within Chicken Flocks
Treatment | Cage a | Day 2 pi | Day 3 pi | Day 4 pi | Day 5 pi | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Bedding | Positive | Total | Positive | Total | Positive | Total | Positive | Total | |
Control | Wood | 2 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 7 |
4 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
Sum | 0 | 14 | 4 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 10 | 14 | ||
Oat | Wood | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
3 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 7 | ||
4 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 7 | ||
Sum | 0 | 21 a | 3 | 21 | 8 | 21 | 14 | 21 | ||
Wheat | Wood | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 |
2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 6 | ||
3 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
Sum | 0 | 21 a | 0 | 21 | 6 | 21 | 13 | 20 b | ||
Control | Rubber | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
2 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | ||
3 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | ||
4 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | ||
Sum | 2 | 28 | 7 | 28 | 21 | 27 b | 22 | 27 | ||
Oat | Rubber | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 7 |
3 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | ||
4 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 7 | ||
Sum | 0 | 21 a | 0 | 21 | 0 c | 21 | 3 | 21 | ||
Wheat | Rubber | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 7 |
2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | ||
3 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 7 | ||
Sum | 0 | 21 a | 0 | 21 | 7 c | 21 | 8 | 21 | ||
Total | 2 | 126 | 14 | 126 | 49 | 125 | 70 | 124 |
Days Post-Inoculation | P-values | ||
---|---|---|---|
Feed × Bedding a | Feed b | Bedding c | |
Day 2 pi | 0.212 | 0.131 | 0.202 |
Day 3 pi | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.896 |
Day 4 pi | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.578 |
Day 5 pi | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
3.2. Colonization Levels of C. jejuni in Cecum
3.3. Effect of Treatment on the Microbiota in Cecum
3.4. Slaughter Weight and pH in Gizzard
4. Discussion
Strains | Control/Wood (n =16) | Oat/Wood (n =16) | Wheat/Wood (n =16) | Control/Rubber (n =16) | Oat/Rubber (n =15) | Wheat/Rubber (n =15) | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Bedding | F × B | |||||||
Lactobacillusspp. | −2.73 ± 0.6 | −2.21 ± 0.6 | −2.10 ± 0.5 | −2.40 ± 0.3 | −2.25 ± 0.4 | −2.18 ± 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.470 | 0.160 |
Enterococcusspp. | −3.63 ± 0.8 | −4.11 ± 0.8 | −3.98 ± 0.7 | −4.28 ± 0.9 | −4.19 ± 1.0 | −4.11 ± 0.5 | 0.629 | 0.084 | 0.304 |
E. coli | −4.45 ± 0.9 | −4.98 ± 0.9 | −4.93 ± 0.7 | −4.63 ± 0.8 | −4.48 ± 0.5 | −5.10 ± 0.7 | 0.052 | 0.759 | 0.138 |
Cl. Perfringens | −4.65 ± 0.6 | −4.44 ± 0.7 | −4.19 ± 0.7 | −4.49 ± 0.8 | −4.40 ± 0.9 | −4.06 ± 0.9 | 0.068 | 0.480 | 0.946 |
Gizzard Weight/pH | Control/Wood | Oat/Wood | Wheat/Wood | Control/Rubber | Oat/Rubber | Wheat/Rubber | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Bedding | F × B | |||||||
Weight (g) | 2981 ± 172 | 2853 ± 197 | 3009 ± 202 | 2921 ± 221 | 2745 ± 191 | 2920 ± 234 | 0.002 | 0.043 | 0.893 |
pH in gizzard | 3.89 ± 0.4 | 2.98 ± 0.7 | 3.63 ± 0.4 | 3.79 ± 0.3 | 2.98 ± 0.6 | 3.37 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.258 | 0.563 |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Supplementary Information
Control/Whole Wheat Diet | Oat Hulls Diet | |
---|---|---|
Corn, % | 25.34 | 22.30 |
Ground/whole wheat, % | 42.00 | 36.96 |
Soybean meal, % | 17.34 | 15.26 |
Fish meal, % | 7.00 | 6.16 |
Coarse oat hulls, % | 0.00 | 12.00 |
Soybean oil, % | 4.00 | 3.52 |
Limestone, % | 1.30 | 1.14 |
Monocalcium phosphate, % | 1.00 | 0.88 |
l-lysine-HCl, % | 0.50 | 0.44 |
dl-methionine, % | 0.30 | 0.26 |
l-threonine, % | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Salt, % | 0.20 | 0.18 |
Sodium bicarbonate, % | 0.30 | 0.26 |
Choline chlorate, % | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Microminerals/vitamins, % | 0.44 | 0.39 |
Species | Strain a | Medium b | TaqMan PCR c | Relative to total DNA d | Std e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive Controls | |||||
Lb. acidophilus | ATCC 4356 | MRS | ++ | −0.65 | 0.03 |
Lb. brevis | DSM 20556 | MRS | ++ | −0.61 | 0.09 |
Lb. casei | ATCC 393 | MRS | ++ | −0.72 | 0.04 |
Lb. curvatus | DSM 20019 | MRS | ++ | −0.67 | 0.11 |
Lb. delbrueckii subsp. lactis | ATCC 12315 | MRS | ++ | −0.62 | 0.01 |
Lb. gasseri | ATCC 33323 | MRS | ++ | −0.66 | 0.02 |
Lb. helveticus | ATCC 15009 | MRS | ++ | −0.61 | 0.08 |
Lb. pentosus | ATCC 8041 | MRS | ++ | −0.64 | 0.04 |
Lb. plantarum | NCIMB 8826 | MRS | ++ | −0.73 | 0.07 |
Lb. reuteri | DSM 17938 | MRS | ++ | −0.59 | 0.04 |
Lb. rhamnosus (GG) | ATCC 53103 | MRS | ++ | −0.66 | 0.10 |
Lb. sakei | DSM 20017 | MRS | ++ | −0.51 | 0.30 |
Lb. salivarius | DSM 20555 | MRS | ++ | −0.55 | 0.14 |
Other LAB | |||||
Lactococcus cremoris | ATCC 19257 | MRS | - | −5.64 | 0.06 |
Lc. Lactis | ATCC 15346 | MRS | - | −5.41 | 0.07 |
Leuconostoc mesenteroides f | ATCC 19255 | MRS | ++ | −0.61 | 0.05 |
Carnobacterium divergens f | NCDO 2306 | MRS | + | −3.85 | 0.09 |
Enterococcus faecalis | DSM 12956 | MRS | - | −6.04 | 0.02 |
Streptococcus thermophilus | MF2403 | MRS | - | −5.47 | 0.07 |
Negative controls | |||||
Bifidobacterium longum | DSM 20219 | W-C | - | −5.08 | 0.09 |
Staphylococcus aureus f | ATCC 12600 | BHI | + | −3.96 | 0.02 |
Bacillus cereus | ATCC 4516 | BHI | - | −6.61 | 0.08 |
Clostridium perfringens | ATCC 13124 | BHI | - | −6.25 | 0.14 |
Escherichia coli | ATCC 47076 | BHI | - | −6.86 | 0.13 |
Campylobacter jejuni | DSM 4688 | M-H | - | −6.29 | 0.19 |
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Skånseng, B.; Svihus, B.; Rudi, K.; Trosvik, P.; Moen, B. Effect of Different Feed Structures and Bedding on the Horizontal Spread of Campylobacter jejuni within Broiler Flocks. Agriculture 2013, 3, 741-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3040741
Skånseng B, Svihus B, Rudi K, Trosvik P, Moen B. Effect of Different Feed Structures and Bedding on the Horizontal Spread of Campylobacter jejuni within Broiler Flocks. Agriculture. 2013; 3(4):741-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3040741
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkånseng, Beate, Birger Svihus, Knut Rudi, Pål Trosvik, and Birgitte Moen. 2013. "Effect of Different Feed Structures and Bedding on the Horizontal Spread of Campylobacter jejuni within Broiler Flocks" Agriculture 3, no. 4: 741-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3040741