In Vitro Screening of the Foliage of Eucalyptus Species Harvested in Different Seasons for Modulating Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Foliage Collection
2.2. Chemical Composition
2.3. Fermentation Kinetics
2.4. In Vitro Incubations for 24 h in Batch Cultures, and Fermentation End-Product Analytical Determinations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ash | EE | CP | NDF | ADF | Lignin | NSC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry Matter Basis (%) | |||||||
Eucalyptus species | |||||||
E. camaldulensis | 7.35 | 5.81 | 8.62 | 35.6 | 25.3 | 11.7 | 42.6 |
E. leucoxylon | 5.35 | 5.12 | 7.51 | 37.5 | 24.6 | 10.9 | 44.5 |
E. astringens | 5.69 | 6.53 | 7.02 | 31.3 | 22.3 | 12.9 | 49.5 |
E. sideroxylon | 5.22 | 4.57 | 6.65 | 29.5 | 20.8 | 10.3 | 54.0 |
E. lehmannii | 5.05 | 9.06 | 5.40 | 25.2 | 18.3 | 9.2 | 55.3 |
Season | |||||||
Autumn | 5.90 | 6.43 | 6.63 | 29.7 | 21.0 | 10.1 | 51.4 |
Winter | 5.81 | 6.36 | 7.42 | 34.9 | 24.2 | 12.9 | 45.5 |
Spring | 5.48 | 5.86 | 7.07 | 31.0 | 21.5 | 9.9 | 50.6 |
A | c | AFR | PF | D144 | PD | ED | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mL g−1 DM) | (h−1) | (mL h−1) | % DM | % DM | % DM | ||
Eucalyptus species (ES) | |||||||
E. camaldulensis | 125.20 a | 0.0414 | 3.69 | 5.48 b | 52.67 b | 67.93 b | 37.29 ab |
E. leucoxylon | 117.40 ab | 0.0374 | 3.14 | 5.27 b | 46.51 b | 60.76 c | 32.05 b |
E. astringens | 84.90 c | 0.0768 | 4.34 | 8.13 a | 51.72 b | 68.29 b | 41.59 a |
E. sideroxylon | 100.92 abc | 0.0458 | 3.19 | 7.68 a | 64.22 a | 73.63 a | 42.11 a |
E. lehmannii | 91.75 bc | 0.0450 | 2.87 | 8.42 a | 60.63 a | 74.61 a | 42.20 a |
S.E.M. | 1.773 | 0.001 | 0.484 | 0.484 | 2.961 | 0.648 | 0.830 |
p-value | 0.002 | 0.279 | 0.082 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Season (S) | |||||||
Autumn | 103.43 | 0.0637 | 4.16 A | 7.01 | 52.82 B | 67.68 B | 39.93 |
Winter | 106.09 | 0.0425 | 3.11 B | 7.17 | 59.06 A | 71.56 A | 39.60 |
Spring | 102.57 | 0.0417 | 3.06 B | 6.81 | 53.57 B | 67.89 B | 37.61 |
S.E.M. | 2.289 | 0.001 | 0.625 | 0.625 | 4.936 | 1.476 | 1.071 |
p-value | 0.087 | 0.260 | 0.003 | 0.793 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.297 |
ES × S (p-value) | 0.587 | 0.488 | 0.467 | 0.221 | 0.590 | 0.345 | 0.332 |
Methane | Total VFA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM Digestibility % | µmol g−1 DM Incubated | µmol g−1 DM Digested | % GP | mmol mol−1 VFA | mmol g−1 DM Incubated | ||
Eucalyptus species (ES) | |||||||
E. camaldulensis | 59.4 b | 238.4 a | 402 a | 10.44 a | 210.9 a | 1.19 | |
E. leucoxylon | 52.0 c | 205.4 a | 395 a | 10.54 a | 194.0 a | 1.10 | |
E. astringens | 57.4 bc | 122.6 b | 214 b | 7.54 b | 136.4 ab | 0.99 | |
E. sideroxylon | 62.7 b | 84.3 b | 138 b | 5.41 b | 73.6 b | 1.12 | |
E. lehmannii | 68.6 a | 81.5 b | 120 b | 5.47 b | 82.9 b | 1.11 | |
S.E.M. | 1.32 | 12.82 | 22.2 | 0.489 | 20.19 | 0.116 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.801 | |
Season (S) | |||||||
Autumn | 61.0 | 137.3 | 239 | 7.15 | 143.3 | 1.01 | |
Winter | 59.0 | 154.4 | 267 | 8.37 | 136.2 | 1.15 | |
Spring | 60.1 | 147.7 | 256 | 8.12 | 139.2 | 1.14 | |
S.E.M. | 1.02 | 9.93 | 17.2 | 0.379 | 15.64 | 0.090 | |
p-value | 0.381 | 0.488 | 0.518 | 0.088 | 0.955 | 0.533 | |
ES × S (p-value) | 0.365 | 0.612 | 0.572 | 0.351 | 0.319 | 0.446 |
Acetate | Propionate | Butyrate | Valerate | Iso-Acids | C2-to-C3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eucalyptus species (ES) | ||||||
E. camaldulensis | 752 ab | 198 bc | 40.2 | 3.27 | 6.09 a | 3.73 ab |
E. leucoxylon | 778 a | 169 c | 50.2 | 1.77 | 0.76 ab | 3.93 a |
E. astringens | 718 abc | 246 ab | 35.2 | 0.35 | 0.59 ab | 3.45 bc |
E. sideroxylon | 660 c | 289 a | 50.2 | 0.55 | 0.00 b | 3.16 c |
E. lehmannii | 705 bc | 239 ab | 53.7 | 0.06 | 2.11 ab | 3.38 c |
S.E.M. | 14.3 | 14.4 | 5.24 | 0.876 | 1.291 | 0.077 |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.144 | 0.127 | 0.034 | <0.001 |
Season (S) | ||||||
Autumn | 709 | 248 | 40.1 | 1.38 | 1.63 | 3.40 B |
Winter | 739 | 208 | 49.5 | 1.51 | 2.19 | 3.69 A |
Spring | 721 | 228 | 48.0 | 0.71 | 1.91 | 3.51 AB |
S.E.M. | 11.1 | 11.2 | 4.06 | 0.678 | 1.000 | 0.059 |
p-value | 0.214 | 0.087 | 0.288 | 0.685 | 0.932 | 0.011 |
ES × S (p-value) | 0.945 | 0.997 | 0.288 | 0.681 | 0.944 | 0.849 |
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Horst, E.H.; Ammar, H.; Khouja, M.L.; Vargas, J.E.; Andrés, S.; López, S. In Vitro Screening of the Foliage of Eucalyptus Species Harvested in Different Seasons for Modulating Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122153
Horst EH, Ammar H, Khouja ML, Vargas JE, Andrés S, López S. In Vitro Screening of the Foliage of Eucalyptus Species Harvested in Different Seasons for Modulating Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122153
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorst, Egon Henrique, Hajer Ammar, Mohamed Larbi Khouja, Julio Ernesto Vargas, Sonia Andrés, and Secundino López. 2022. "In Vitro Screening of the Foliage of Eucalyptus Species Harvested in Different Seasons for Modulating Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2153. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122153