Developmental Neurotoxicity of Alcohol and Anesthetic Drugs Is Augmented by Co-Exposure to Caffeine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Blood CAF Levels
2.3. Individual Experiments
2.3.1. Experiment #1—Apoptogenic Action of CAF + Alcohol
2.3.2. Experiment #2—Apoptogenic Action of CAF + NMDA antagonists
2.3.3. Experiment #3—Apoptogenic Action of CAF + GABAmimetics
2.3.4. Experiment #4—Long-Term Neurobehavioral Effects of CAF + NMDA antagonist or GABAmimetic
2.4. Histopathology
2.5. Quantitative Cell Counts
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Apoptogenic Action of CAF + Alcohol
3.2. Apoptogenic Action of CAF + NMDA Antagonists (PCP or Ketamine)
3.3. Apoptogenic Action of CAF + GABAmimetics (Diazepam or Isoflurane)
3.4. Overview of CAF’s Pro-Apoptotic Action
3.5. Regional and Cellular Distribution of CAF’s Pro-Apoptotic Action
3.6. Long-Term Neurobehavioral Effects of CAF + PCP or Diazepam
3.6.1. CAF + PCP
3.6.2. CAF + Diazepam
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Yuede, C.M.; Olney, J.W.; Creeley, C.E. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Alcohol and Anesthetic Drugs Is Augmented by Co-Exposure to Caffeine. Brain Sci. 2013, 3, 1128-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3031128
Yuede CM, Olney JW, Creeley CE. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Alcohol and Anesthetic Drugs Is Augmented by Co-Exposure to Caffeine. Brain Sciences. 2013; 3(3):1128-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3031128
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuede, Carla M., John W. Olney, and Catherine E. Creeley. 2013. "Developmental Neurotoxicity of Alcohol and Anesthetic Drugs Is Augmented by Co-Exposure to Caffeine" Brain Sciences 3, no. 3: 1128-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci3031128