Contact Toxicity and Residual Efficacy of Indoxacarb against the European Earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Earwigs
2.2. Insecticide
2.3. Contact Toxicity Bioassays
2.4. Residual Bioassays
2.5. Evaluation
- Healthy–when probed, the earwig moves quickly and in a coordinated manner to avoid stimulus.
- Sluggish–when probed, the earwig reacts slowly, but makes coordinated movements to avoid stimulus.
- Ataxic–when placed on its dorsum, the earwig is able to right itself, but it is unable to coordinate its movements to avoid the stimulus.
- Moribund–the earwig is incapable of locomotion and shows only slight movements of appendages or other body parts.
- Dead–when probed, the earwig shows no movement whatsoever.
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Contact Bioassays
3.2. Residual Bioassays
Exposure Time | Application Rate | Critically Affected Earwigs (%)* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(L/100 m2) | (mg AI/m2) | 4 h | 16 h | 1 d | 2 d | |
5 min | 4.08 | 20.23 | 0a | 66b | 98cdef | 100h |
8.15 | 40.46 | 1a | 68b | 99cde | 100h | |
16.30 | 80.92 | 1a | 94c | 100gh | 100h | |
control | 0 | 0a | 0a | 0a | 0a | |
1 hour | 4.08 | 20.23 | 1a | 98cd | 100efgh | 100h |
8.15 | 40.46 | 6a | 95cd | 100fgh | 100h | |
16.30 | 80.92 | 6a | 100defg | 100h | 100h | |
control | 0 | 0a | 0a | 0a | 0a |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
- Jones, D.W. The European earwig and its control. USDA Bull. 1917, 556, 12. [Google Scholar]
- Fulton, B.B. The European earwig. Or. Agric. Coll. Exp. Stn. Bull. 1924, 207, 1–29. [Google Scholar]
- Wirth, T.; Le Guellec, R.; Vancassel, M.; Veuille, M. Molecular and reproductive characterization of sibling species in the European earwig (Forficula auricularia). Evolution 1998, 52, 260–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guillet, S.; Josselin, N.; Vancassel, M. Multiple introductions of the Forficula auricularia species complex (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in eastern North America. Can. Entomol. 2000, 132, 49–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamb, R.J.; Wellington, W.G. Life history and population characteristics of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia (Dermapera: Forficulidae), at Vancouver, British Columb. Can. Entomol. 1975, 107, 819–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lamb, R.J. Parental behavior in the Dermaptera with special reference to Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Can. Entomol. 1976, 108, 609–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gingras, J.; Tourneur, J.-C. Timing of adult mortality, oviposition, and hatching during the underground phase of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Can. Entomol. 2001, 153, 269–277. [Google Scholar]
- Buxton, J.H.; Madge, D.S. The evaluation of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a predator of the damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli). I. Feeding experiments. Ent. Exp. Appl. 1976, 19, 109–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Helsen, H.; Vaal, F.; Blommers, L. Phenology of the common earwig Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in an apple orchard. Int. J. Pest Manag. 1998, 44, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnip, G.M.; Daly, J.M.; Hackett, J.K.; Suckling, D.M. European earwig and affect of understorey management on population estimation. New Zealand Plant Prot. 2007, 5, 390–395. [Google Scholar]
- Suckling, D.M.; Burnip, G.M.; Hackett, J.; Daly, J.C. Frass sampling and baiting indicate European earwig (Forficula auricularia) foraging in orchards. J. Appl. Entomol. 2006, 130, 263–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colvin, B.; Cranshaw, W. Comparison of over-the-counter insecticides for managing the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Southwest. Entomol. 2009, 350, 69–74. [Google Scholar]
- Ffrench-Constant, R.H.; Vickerman, G.P. Soil contact toxicity of insecticides to the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera). Entomophaga 1985, 30, 271–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maher, B.J.; Logan, D.P.; Connolly, P.G. Effect of mineral oil and diazinon residues on the predator European earwig, Forficula auricularia, in kiwifruit. New Zealand Plant Prot. 2006, 59, 202–207. [Google Scholar]
- Vogt, H.; Just, J.; Grutzmacher, A. Einfluss von Insektizidenim Obstbau auf den Ohrwurm Forficula auricularia. (Side effects of modern insecticides in fruit growing on the European earwig, Forficula auricularia). Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Ent. 2009, 17, 211–214. [Google Scholar]
- Vogt, H.; Just, J.; Grutzmacher, A. Impact of four insecticides on the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L., in an apple orchard. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 2010, 54, 141–145. [Google Scholar]
- Shaw, P.W.; Wallis, D.R. Susceptibility of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, to insecticide residues on apple leaves. New Zealand Plant Prot. 2010, 63, 55–59. [Google Scholar]
- Wing, K.D.; Sacher, M.; Kagaya, Y.; Tsurubuchi, Y.; Mulderig, L.; Connair, M.; Schnee, M. Bioactivation and mode of action of the oxadiazine indoxacarb in insects. Crop Prot. 2000, 19, 537–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Fact Sheet. Indoxacarb. 2000. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/indoxacarb.pdf (accessed on 29 May 2012).
- StatSoft, Inc. Statistica (data analysis software system), version 6, StatSoft, Inc.: Tulsa, OK, USA, 2002.
- Jones, S.C. Unpublished work. The Ohio State University: Columbus, OH, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Quarcoo, F.Y.; Appel, A.G.; Hu, X.P. Effects of indoxacarb concentrations and exposure time on onset of abnormal behaviors, moribundity, and death in Eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2010, 103, 762–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buczkowski, G.; Scherer, C.W.; Bennett, G.W. Horizontal transfer of bait in the German cockroach: Indoxacarb causes secondary and tertiary mortality. J. Econ. Entomol. 2008, 101, 894–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Jones, S.C.; Bryant, J.L. Contact Toxicity and Residual Efficacy of Indoxacarb against the European Earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Insects 2012, 3, 593-600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030593
Jones SC, Bryant JL. Contact Toxicity and Residual Efficacy of Indoxacarb against the European Earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). Insects. 2012; 3(3):593-600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030593
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Susan C., and Joshua L. Bryant. 2012. "Contact Toxicity and Residual Efficacy of Indoxacarb against the European Earwig (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)" Insects 3, no. 3: 593-600. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030593