Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Determination of Wastewater Physicochemical Characteristics
2.2. DNA Extraction, Illumina Sequencing, Diversity Indices Estimation and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Influent | Effluent | Removal (%) |
---|---|---|---|
BOD5 (mg/L) | 363 ± 5 | 17.3 ± 0.5 | 95.2 ± 0.1 |
COD (mg/L) | 626 ± 17 | 67.1 ± 2.4 | 89.1 ± 0.4 |
TSS (mg/L) | 311 ± 7 | 18.9 ± 0.7 | 93.8 ± 0.2 |
NO3−-N (mg/L) | - | 9.4 ± 0.5 | - |
Genus | Prior to Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Anaerolinea | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Bellilinea | 1.42 ± 0.70 | 0.80 ± 0.34 | n.s. |
Caldilinea | 2.19 ± 0.96 | 1.07 ± 0.52 | n.s. |
Dehalobacter | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Dehalobacterium | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Dehalococcoides | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | n.s. |
Dehalogenimonas | n.d. | At detection limit | n.s. |
Dechloromonas | 3.17 ± 0.21 | 1.96 ± 0.36 | p < 0.05 |
Levilinea | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | p < 0.05 |
Longilinea | 1.25 ± 0.26 | 1.19 ± 0.35 | n.s. |
Genus | Prior to Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Candidatus Nitrotoga | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Nitrobacter | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Nitrosomonas | 0.23 ± 0.20 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | n.s. |
Nitrospira | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | n.s. |
Nitrosovibrio | 0.27 ± 0.03 | n.d. | p < 0.01 |
Genus | Prior to Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Taxa Influencing Enhanced Phosphorus Removal | |||
Candidatus Accumulibacter | 3.31 ± 0.29 | 2.37 ± 0.63 | n.s. |
Candidatus Competibacter | 1.02 ± 0.06 | 1.02 ± 0.17 | n.s. |
Annamox bacteria | |||
Candidatus Anammoximicrobium | At detection limit | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Candidatus Kuenenia | At detection limit | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Genus | Prior to Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Beggiatoa | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | n.s. |
Candidatus Microthrix | 0.47 ± 0.21 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | n.s. |
Gordonia | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | p < 0.05 |
Haliscomenobacter | 0.77 ± 0.10 | 0.43 ± 0.15 | n.s. |
Nocardioides | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | p < 0.01 |
Nostocoida Type II | At detection limit | n.d. | n.s. |
Thiothrix | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Zoogloea | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.64 ± 0.08 | n.s. |
Genus | Prior Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Brucella | 0.03 ± 0.02 | At detection limit | n.s. |
Campylobacter | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | n.s. |
Enterococcus | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Klebsiella | n.d. | At detection limit | n.s. |
Legionella | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | n.s. |
Mycobacterium | 0.15 ± 0.05 | n.d. | p < 0.05 |
Rickettsia | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.37 | n.s. |
Shigella | At detection limit | n.d. | n.s. |
Spirochaeta | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | n.s. |
Treponema | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | n.s. |
Vibrio | At detection limit | 0.45 ± 0.45 | n.s. |
Genus | Prior to Chlorination | After Chlorination | Significance |
---|---|---|---|
Anabaena | n.d. | 0.04 ± 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Arthrospira | n.d. | At detection limit | n.s. |
Cyanobacterium | At detection limit | 0.01 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Cyanothece | n.d. | 0.01 ± 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Elstera | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Gloeobacter | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | n.s. |
Leptolyngbya | 0.24 ± 0.16 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | n.s. |
Microcystis | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | n.s. |
Oscillatoria | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Phormidium | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Prochlorococcus | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | n.s. |
Pseudanabaena | At detection limit | At detection limit | n.s. |
Vampirovibrio | 0.01 ± 0.01 | At detection limit | n.s. |
Disinfection Method | Susceptible Taxa | Resistant Taxa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Monochloramine | Arcobacter, Nitrospira, Sphingobium | Chryseobacterium, Cloacibacterium, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Undibacterium | [15] |
H2O2 | Denitratisoma, Thauera | Anaerolinea, Filimonas | [15] |
UV 1 | Acetoanaerobium, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Anaerosinus, Aquabacterium, Arcobacter, Comamonas, Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Paracoccus, Proteocatella, Streptococcus, Subdoligranulum, Trichococcus, Uruburuella, Veillonella | Ca. Accumulibacter, Ca. Competibacter, Ca. Nitrotoga, Chryseobacterium, Cupriavidus, Dechloromonas, Geothrix, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Rhodoferax, Simplicispira, Thauera, Zoogloea | [2] |
UV-C/H2O2/IDS-Cu 2 | N.R. | Acinetobacter, Pantoea, Pseudomonas | [16] |
Chlorination 4 | Acinetobacter, Arcobacter, Azonexus, Azospira, Bifidobacterium, Chitinimonas, Comamonas, Dechloromonas, Enterococcus, Lactobacillales, Laribacter, Neisseria, Nitrosomonas, Propionivibrio, Rheinheimera, Salmonella, Shewanella, Thauera, Tolumonas, Vitreoscilla, Zoogloea | Aquabacterium, Chryseobacterium, Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Gemmata, Hydrogenophaga, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rubrivivax, Turicibacter, Veillonella | [3,8] |
Chlorination | Aeromicrobium, Aquabacterium, Dechloromonas, Eubacterium, Hydrogenophaga3 | Acidovorax, Arcobacter, Azospirillum, Bacteroides, Bellilinea, Brevundimonas, Caldilinea, Ca. Accumulibacter, Ca. Competibacter, Clostridium, Curvibacter, Dietzia, Flavobacterium, Hahella, Lapillicoccus, Longilinea, Malikia, Polaromonas, Pseudomonas, Ruminococcus, Runella, Simplicispira, Sphingobacterium, Streptomyces, Thauera, Thiococcus3 | This study |
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Zerva, I.; Remmas, N.; Kagalou, I.; Melidis, P.; Ariantsi, M.; Sylaios, G.; Ntougias, S. Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Life 2021, 11, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010068
Zerva I, Remmas N, Kagalou I, Melidis P, Ariantsi M, Sylaios G, Ntougias S. Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Life. 2021; 11(1):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010068
Chicago/Turabian StyleZerva, Ioanna, Nikolaos Remmas, Ifigeneia Kagalou, Paraschos Melidis, Marina Ariantsi, Georgios Sylaios, and Spyridon Ntougias. 2021. "Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant" Life 11, no. 1: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11010068