Methane Emissions in Spanish Saline Lakes: Current Rates, Temperature and Salinity Responses, and Evolution under Different Climate Change Scenarios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Water Sampling and Determination of Environmental Variables
2.3. Measurements of Methane Emissions
2.4. Temperature and Salinity Dependence of Methane Emission Rates and Q10
2.5. Predicting Changes of Methane Emission Rates under Different RCP Scenarios
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Features of the Studied Lakes
3.2. Methane Emission Rates
3.3. Effect of Temperature and Salinity on Methane Emission Rates
3.4. Predicted Changes of the Methane Emission Rates Due to Temperature Effects under Different Climate Scenarios
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lake | Tírez | Salicor | Alcahozo | Manjavacas | Grande de Villafranca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UTM coordinates (Datum WGS 84; zone 30S) | 469.172X | 484.695X | 510.761X | 511.712X | 470.949X |
4.376.321Y | 4.368.329Y | 4.360.263Y | 4.362.992Y | 4.366.816Y | |
Geographic coordinates | 39°32′21.62″ N | 39°27′57.49″ N | 39°23′24.72″ N | 39°24′59.47″ N | 39°27′4.63″ N |
3°21′24.69″ W | 3°10′25.81″ W | 2°52′38.61″ W | 2°51′49.83″ W | 3°20′13.37″ W | |
Length of the flooding period (months) | 6 (October to April) | 5.5 (October to March) | 6.5 (October to May) | 10 (September to July) | 12 (Permanent) |
Maximum Area (ha) | 92.5 | 58.2 | 70.0 | 230.4 | 135.6 |
Helophytes cover (ha) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21.2 | 41.0 |
Maximum depth (cm) | 30 | 20 | 31 | 25 | 106 |
Water temperature (°C) | 8.1–19.1 | 9.4–12.0 | 4.9–15.8 | 5.3–27.1 | 6.0–27.9 |
Cond (mS cm−1) | 52.5–322.1 | 37.0–298.2 | 15.9–206.0 | 7.8–144.4 | 7.2–12.9 |
pH | 7.6–8.4 | 8.3–8.6 | 8.0–8.6 | 8.4–9.0 | 7.6–9.1 |
O2 (mg L−1) | 8.3–9.7 | 7.7–9 | 6.7–11.0 | 6.6–12.9 | 4.7–10.8 |
Alkalinity (meq·L−1) | 3.5–29.7 | 4.9–5.6 | 2.5–19.2 | 5.6–33.7 | 2.7–3.9 |
Soluble reactive Phosphorus (µmol·L−1) | 0.95–18.90 | 0.24–0.87 | 0.15–0.46 | 0.22–15.91 | 0.30–1.72 |
NO3 (µmol·L−1) | 8.4–112.1 | 65.8–73.2 | 25.9–294.3 | 87.0–115.1 | 24.9–111.6 |
Ammonium (µmol·L−1) | 12.7–61.2 | 8.0–13.0 | 2.2–60.6 | 2.3–83.9 | 6.2–41.6 |
Chl-a (µg·L−1) | 7.1–14.8 | 8.1–13.6 | 0.3–8.6 | 0.8–73.3 | 0.2–7.3 |
(A) | |||||||||||||||
IPCC (2014) | Scenario | Lake | Yearly Change | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
RCP2.6 | 2050 | Alcahozo | 58 | 63 | 31 | 21 | 63 | 49 | 81 | 71 | 61 | ||||
RCP4.5 | 2050 | Alcahozo | 83 | 68 | 47 | 33 | 87 | 78 | 107 | 87 | 71 | ||||
RCP6 | 2050 | Alcahozo | 72 | 58 | 41 | 39 | 78 | 63 | 95 | 84 | 66 | ||||
RCP8.5 | 2050 | Alcahozo | 120 | 89 | 71 | 61 | 113 | 120 | 151 | 116 | 98 | ||||
RCP2.6 | 2050 | Tirez | 43 | 42 | 20 | 19 | 53 | 39 | 56 | 44 | 35 | ||||
RCP4.5 | 2050 | Tirez | 58 | 47 | 31 | 29 | 69 | 58 | 73 | 53 | 39 | ||||
RCP6 | 2050 | Tirez | 51 | 39 | 26 | 31 | 63 | 47 | 63 | 53 | 38 | ||||
RCP8.5 | 2050 | Tirez | 82 | 60 | 47 | 47 | 89 | 85 | 101 | 71 | 58 | ||||
RCP2.6 | 2050 | Salicor | 56 | 60 | 28 | 23 | 71 | 55 | 49 | ||||||
RCP4.5 | 2050 | Salicor | 75 | 64 | 43 | 35 | 96 | 69 | 55 | ||||||
RCP6 | 2050 | Salicor | 67 | 55 | 35 | 39 | 83 | 66 | 53 | ||||||
RCP8.5 | 2050 | Salicor | 107 | 83 | 64 | 60 | 134 | 93 | 81 | ||||||
RCP2.6 | 2050 | Manjavacas | 48 | 38 | 19 | 14 | 38 | 30 | 44 | 54 | 56 | 48 | 43 | 37 | |
RCP4.5 | 2050 | Manjavacas | 66 | 41 | 29 | 21 | 51 | 47 | 65 | 75 | 70 | 62 | 51 | 43 | |
RCP6 | 2050 | Manjavacas | 53 | 36 | 25 | 24 | 47 | 38 | 53 | 56 | 60 | 56 | 50 | 40 | |
RCP8.5 | 2050 | Manjavacas | 96 | 53 | 43 | 37 | 65 | 69 | 101 | 109 | 94 | 84 | 67 | 57 | |
RCP2.6 | 2050 | Grande de Villafranca | 73 | 45 | 26 | 18 | 58 | 42 | 62 | 83 | 74 | 79 | 66 | 49 | 37 |
RCP4.5 | 2050 | Grande de Villafranca | 101 | 51 | 39 | 29 | 76 | 62 | 90 | 114 | 104 | 104 | 85 | 60 | 42 |
RCP6 | 2050 | Grande de Villafranca | 79 | 42 | 32 | 32 | 70 | 51 | 70 | 87 | 79 | 87 | 74 | 58 | 40 |
RCP8.5 | 2050 | Grande de Villafranca | 142 | 64 | 56 | 49 | 99 | 92 | 141 | 163 | 139 | 136 | 117 | 79 | 62 |
(B) | |||||||||||||||
IPCC (2014) | Scenario | Lake | Yearly Change | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
RCP2.6 | 2070 | Alcahozo | 62 | 61 | 35 | 27 | 56 | 52 | 92 | 78 | 61 | ||||
RCP4.5 | 2070 | Alcahozo | 110 | 92 | 61 | 58 | 110 | 98 | 151 | 120 | 92 | ||||
RCP6 | 2070 | Alcahozo | 100 | 89 | 63 | 56 | 95 | 89 | 137 | 104 | 87 | ||||
RCP8.5 | 2070 | Alcahozo | 228 | 155 | 116 | 123 | 200 | 233 | 286 | 223 | 166 | ||||
RCP2.6 | 2070 | Tirez | 44 | 39 | 23 | 23 | 47 | 39 | 63 | 49 | 35 | ||||
RCP4.5 | 2070 | Tirez | 76 | 60 | 41 | 44 | 85 | 71 | 101 | 75 | 53 | ||||
RCP6 | 2070 | Tirez | 70 | 60 | 42 | 44 | 75 | 67 | 92 | 65 | 51 | ||||
RCP8.5 | 2070 | Tirez | 146 | 101 | 75 | 89 | 143 | 158 | 179 | 138 | 98 | ||||
RCP2.6 | 2070 | Salicor | 65 | 55 | 32 | 28 | 83 | 62 | 49 | ||||||
RCP4.5 | 2070 | Salicor | 106 | 86 | 55 | 55 | 134 | 96 | 73 | ||||||
RCP6 | 2070 | Salicor | 95 | 83 | 57 | 55 | 119 | 83 | 71 | ||||||
RCP8.5 | 2070 | Salicor | 198 | 141 | 101 | 116 | 249 | 184 | 138 | ||||||
RCP2.6 | 2070 | Manjavacas | 47 | 37 | 22 | 17 | 34 | 32 | 44 | 51 | 54 | 54 | 47 | 37 | |
RCP4.5 | 2070 | Manjavacas | 90 | 54 | 37 | 36 | 64 | 57 | 90 | 105 | 92 | 84 | 69 | 54 | |
RCP6 | 2070 | Manjavacas | 82 | 53 | 38 | 34 | 56 | 53 | 82 | 94 | 86 | 77 | 60 | 51 | |
RCP8.5 | 2070 | Manjavacas | 169 | 86 | 67 | 70 | 107 | 122 | 168 | 196 | 176 | 145 | 118 | 92 | |
RCP2.6 | 2070 | Grande de Villafranca | 70 | 42 | 29 | 23 | 53 | 42 | 60 | 79 | 70 | 76 | 74 | 54 | 37 |
RCP4.5 | 2070 | Grande de Villafranca | 137 | 66 | 49 | 45 | 94 | 76 | 127 | 166 | 127 | 136 | 117 | 83 | 56 |
RCP6 | 2070 | Grande de Villafranca | 126 | 64 | 51 | 45 | 83 | 72 | 111 | 144 | 127 | 127 | 106 | 72 | 54 |
RCP8.5 | 2070 | Grande de Villafranca | 264 | 109 | 90 | 94 | 160 | 176 | 243 | 306 | 260 | 264 | 207 | 153 | 106 |
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Camacho, A.; Picazo, A.; Rochera, C.; Santamans, A.C.; Morant, D.; Miralles-Lorenzo, J.; Castillo-Escrivà, A. Methane Emissions in Spanish Saline Lakes: Current Rates, Temperature and Salinity Responses, and Evolution under Different Climate Change Scenarios. Water 2017, 9, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090659
Camacho A, Picazo A, Rochera C, Santamans AC, Morant D, Miralles-Lorenzo J, Castillo-Escrivà A. Methane Emissions in Spanish Saline Lakes: Current Rates, Temperature and Salinity Responses, and Evolution under Different Climate Change Scenarios. Water. 2017; 9(9):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090659
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamacho, Antonio, Antonio Picazo, Carlos Rochera, Anna C. Santamans, Daniel Morant, Javier Miralles-Lorenzo, and Andreu Castillo-Escrivà. 2017. "Methane Emissions in Spanish Saline Lakes: Current Rates, Temperature and Salinity Responses, and Evolution under Different Climate Change Scenarios" Water 9, no. 9: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090659