Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Conceptual Framework and Empirical Models
2.2. Sustainability Assessment
2.3. Data Description
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Usage in Feed Production for Dairy Cows
3.2. Water Intake by Cattle Herd and Service Water at the Processing Plants
3.3. Water Footprint of Milk
3.4. Sustainability Assessment
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | Kg DM | % | Herd Total | Tonne | m3/Tonne | Blue m3/year | Green m3/year | Grey m3/year | Total WF m3/year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lucerne | 1533 | 17.3 | 1,264,725 | 1265 | 459 | 217,942 | 263,165 | 99,682 | 580,789 |
Oats Silage | 402 | 4.6 | 331,650 | 332 | 412 | 103,587 | 23,397 | 9965 | 136,949 |
Sorghum Silage | 949 | 10.7 | 782,925 | 783 | 317 | 122,421 | 107,529 | 18,031 | 247,981 |
Maize Silage | 1424 | 16.1 | 1,174,800 | 1175 | 338 | 188,961 | 179,215 | 28,872 | 397,048 |
Maize meal | 2738 | 31.0 | 2,258,850 | 2259 | 1086 | 0 | 2,256,175 | 195,969 | 2,452,144 |
HPC | 1789 | 20.3 | 1,475,925 | 1476 | 1785 | 74,643 | 2,512,770 | 47,560 | 2,634,973 |
Soy oilcake | – | – | – | – | – | 53,400 | 1,662,502 | 8797 | 1,724,699 |
Sun flower oilcake | – | – | – | – | 21,207 | 850,268 | 38,800 | 910,275 | |
Total | 8833 | 100 | 7,288,875 | 7290 | 4397 | 782,161 | 7,855,021 | 447,676 | 9,084,858 |
Parameters | Number of Animals | Live Weight (Kg) | DMI | m3/year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% of BW | Kg | Total | Tonne | 385 m3/tonne | |||
Dry cows | 399 | 544.31 | 2.37% | 12.90 | 5147.10 | 5.15 | 723,704 |
Heifers | 886 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
0–6 months | 220 | 62.14 | 1.50% | 0.93 | 204.60 | 0.20 | 28,105 |
6–12 months | 206 | 171.38 | 2.10% | 3.60 | 741.6 | 0.74 | 103,989 |
12–18 months | 238 | 259.68 | 2.15% | 5.58 | 1328.04 | 1.33 | 186,898 |
18–24 months | 156 | 332.48 | 2.20% | 7.31 | 1140.36 | 1.14 | 160,199 |
24+ months | 66 | 479.38 | 2.30% | 11.03 | 727.98 | 0.73 | 102,583 |
Bulls | 23 | 589.67 | 3.00% | 17.69 | 406.87 | 0.41 | 57,615 |
Total | 1308 | 2439.04 | – | 59.04 | 9696.55 | 9.70 | 1,363,093 |
Parameters | Water Intake | Service Water | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Animals | m3/animal/year | Total (m3/year) | Cleaning and Sanitation | m3/year | |
Total herd size | 2133 | – | – | Inline Pasturators | 2190 |
Lactating cows | 825 | 38 | 31,350 | Cream Tank | 584 |
Dry cows | 399 | 16 | 6384 | Milk Tanks | 10,950 |
Heifers | 886 | – | – | Intake | 730 |
0–6 months | 220 | 5 | 1100 | Fillers | 2190 |
6–12 months | 206 | 8 | 1648 | Floors | 2190 |
12–18 months | 238 | 11 | 2618 | Milking Apparatus | 3650 |
18–24 months | 156 | 14 | 2184 | Other uses | 3650 |
24+ months | 66 | 15 | 990 | – | – |
Bulls | 23 | 18 | 414 | – | – |
Total | 2133 | – | 46,688 | – | 26,134 |
Average yearly production per cow (tonne) | 9.426 | – |
Parameters | Yield (tonne/year) | Blue (m3/year) | Green (m3/year) | Grey (m3/year) | Total (m3/year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drinking Water | |||||
Lactating cows | – | 31,350 | – | – | 31,350 |
Non-lactating animals | – | 15,338 | – | – | 15,338 |
Feed Production Water | |||||
Lactating cows | – | 782,161 | 7,855,021 | 447,676 | 9,084,858 |
Non-lactating animals | – | – | 1,363,093 | – | 1,363,093 |
Total yearly Water Usage | 828,849 | 9,218,114 | 447,676 | 10,494,639 | |
Yearly Milk Production | 7776.45 | – | – | – | – |
Total yearly Production Water | 107 m3/tonne | 1185 m3/tonne | 58 m3/tonne | 1350 m3/tonne | |
Service Water | |||||
Service | – | – | – | 26,134 | 26,134 |
Yearly Milk Processed | 13,196.58 | – | – | – | – |
Total Yearly Servicing Water | 0 m3/tonne | 0 m3/tonne | 2 m3/tonne | 2 m3/tonne | |
Milk Water Footprint (m3/tonne) | 107 m3/tonne | 1185 m3/tonne | 60 m3/tonne | 1352 m3/tonne |
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Owusu-Sekyere, E.; Scheepers, M.E.; Jordaan, H. Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain. Water 2016, 8, 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322
Owusu-Sekyere E, Scheepers ME, Jordaan H. Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain. Water. 2016; 8(8):322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322
Chicago/Turabian StyleOwusu-Sekyere, Enoch, Morné Erwin Scheepers, and Henry Jordaan. 2016. "Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain" Water 8, no. 8: 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322