An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Mexico and Its Legal Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
MAR in Mexico and Legal Framework
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. MAR Projects, Types, Objectives, and Geographical Distribution
3.1.1. MAR Projects to Restore Contaminated or Depleted Aquifers
3.1.2. MAR to Reduce Land Subsidence
3.1.3. To Replenish Aquifers and Increase Water Availability
3.1.4. To manage Floods
3.1.5. Unintentional Recharge
3.2. Water Governance and MAR
- Legal framework: Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico, Law of the Nation´s Waters, Official Mexican standards, Federal Duties Law.
- Managers: National Water Commission and Municipalities.
- Users: Basin Councils, Groundwater Technical Councils.
3.2.1. National Regulations: Political Constitution of the United States of Mexico, Law of the Nation’s Waters, and Federal Duties Law
3.2.2. Official Mexican Standards (NOMs)
3.2.3. Managers, CONAGUA and Municipalities
4. Discussion
4.1. MAR in the Metro Area of Mexico City
4.2. MAR Using Stormwater
4.3. Legal Framework and Public Policies for MAR
4.4. Legal Framework That Might Be Revised and Proposals
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author/Year/State in Mexico | Objective | Specific MAR Method * | Water Source |
---|---|---|---|
Research projects | |||
Figueroa-Vega [34] Estado de Mexico | Reduce land subsidence and replenish the aquifer | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Stormwater |
González & Juárez [77] Estado de Mexico | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Stormwater |
Minjarez et al. [68] Sonora | Replenish aquifer | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Stormwater |
Palma et al. [74] Hermosillo, Sonora | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Infiltration ponds and basins | Reclaimed water |
Wurl [51] Wurl and Imaz-La Madrid [52] Baja California Sur | Replenish aquifer | Recharge dams | Stormwater |
Pilot projects | |||
Gutiérrez-Ojeda [48], Gutiérrez-Ojeda and Ortiz [49] Coahuila | Restore contaminated aquifers | Infiltration ponds and dug well/shaft/pit injection | Water from a dam |
Morales-Escalante [73] Baja California | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Reclaimed water |
Ojeda-Olivares et al. [70] Oaxaca, Oaxaca | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Subsurface dams | Stormwater |
Palma et al. [37] Chihuahua, Chihuahua ** | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Infiltration ponds and basins | Reclaimed water |
Silva-Hidalgo et al. [69] Chihuahua, Chihuahua ** | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Subsurface dams and dug well/shaft/pit injection | Stormwater |
Facilities | |||
Álvarez, M. [78] Querétaro | Replenish aquifer | Subsurface dams | Stormwater |
Ávila et al. [63] Mexico City | Replenish aquifer, reduce land subsidence and increase water availability | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Effluent |
Briseño-Ruíz et al. [79] San Luis Potosí | Manage floods | Infiltration ponds and basins | Stormwater |
Escolero et al. [80] San Luis Potosí | Manage floods and replenish aquifer | Infiltration ponds and dug well/shaft/pit injection | Stormwater |
Hernández-Aguilar [36] Sonora ** | Replenish aquifer and increase water availability | Infiltration ponds and basins | Reclaimed water |
Korenfeld & Hernández [15] | Replenish aquifer | Dug well/shaft/pit injection | Reclaimed water |
Mendoza-Cázares et al. [64] Mexico City | Reduce land subsidence and increase water availability for environmental services | Recharge dams | Stormwater |
Native Groundwater | Artificial Recharge | Proposals | |
---|---|---|---|
Definition of water rights and institutional arrangements for allocations | Concessions Assignations The Law of the Nation’s Water (LAN) establishes procedures for allocations. | There is no procedure to allocate water recharged or a priority list to issue new permits. | LAN must define the procedures that must be followed to allocate water from MAR. |
Identification of in situ requirements of available water | The National Water Commission (CONAGUA) publishes periodically water availability studies. | There is no a comprehensive study about potential water recharge projects. | CONAGUA and researchers can integrate a portfolio of viable MAR projects. |
Abstraction limit | Entitlements are linked to a volumetric measure of water that can be extracted | The Official Mexican Standard, NOM-014-CONAGUA-2003 establishes that water recharged can be extracted after six months (surficial recharge) and 12 months of residency (direct recharge). However, there is not reference regarding the volume that can be extracted. | Based on the water rights in the basin, it could define a volume that MAR managers might extract. |
Definition of priority uses | LAN includes a list of priority uses:
| None | The priority list set in the LAN might be used to define water rights to recover water recharged when using a MAR method. |
Mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement | LAN and other federal regulations define what are the conditions under concessions can be cancelled. | LAN doesn’t define penalties or mechanisms for enforcement for MAR facilities. | LAN must include mechanisms for monitoring MAR facilities. |
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Cruz-Ayala, M.B.; Megdal, S.B. An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Mexico and Its Legal Framework. Water 2020, 12, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020474
Cruz-Ayala MB, Megdal SB. An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Mexico and Its Legal Framework. Water. 2020; 12(2):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020474
Chicago/Turabian StyleCruz-Ayala, Mary Belle, and Sharon B. Megdal. 2020. "An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Mexico and Its Legal Framework" Water 12, no. 2: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020474