Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
2.1. CTCs in Early Cancer Detection
2.2. CTCs in Lung Cancer
2.3. Challenges in CTC Studies
3. Circulating RNA
3.1. RNAs in Cancer Detection
3.2. RNAs in Lung Cancer Detection
3.3. Challenges in miRNA Studies
4. Circulating Proteins
4.1. Circulating Proteins in Cancer Detection
4.2. Proteins in Lung Cancer Detection
4.3. Challenges in Protein Studies
5. Circulating DNA
Circulating DNA in Cancer Detection
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marker | Pros | Cons | References |
---|---|---|---|
Circulating tumor cells | Can reflect tumor morphology and pathological identification | Very rare | [23,26,67,68,69,70,71] |
Prognostic indicator of disease | Downstream assays may be affected by blood cells | ||
May represent tumor heterogeneity | |||
Can also be used for genetic analysis such as gene expression profiling or mutation analysis | |||
Circulating RNA | May provide tissue-specific information | Multiple miRNA signatures required to provide clinical utility | [36,37,40,42,43] |
May provide patient-specific response | Tumor-specific signatures may be indistinguishable from other signals | ||
miRNA may be affected by hemolysis | |||
Circulating proteins | Inform dynamic changes occurring in cell | Constant modification of proteins not reflective of a specific signature | [47,60] |
Inform changes caused to microenvironment | Difficult to detect very low amounts of protein | ||
Circulating DNA | Monitor treatment response in patients | Dying cells can contaminate samples | [26,66,71,72] |
Difficult to differentiate between cell free DNA and circulating tumor DNA |
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Murlidhar, V.; Ramnath, N.; Nagrath, S.; Reddy, R.M. Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection. Cancers 2016, 8, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8070061
Murlidhar V, Ramnath N, Nagrath S, Reddy RM. Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection. Cancers. 2016; 8(7):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8070061
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurlidhar, Vasudha, Nithya Ramnath, Sunitha Nagrath, and Rishindra M. Reddy. 2016. "Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection" Cancers 8, no. 7: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8070061