Cancers 2011, 3(3), 2811-2826; doi:10.3390/cancers3032811
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Chemokines in Colitis-Associated Cancer
1
Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
2
Present Address, Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 23 May 2011 / Revised: 17 June 2011 / Accepted: 21 June 2011 / Published: 27 June 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Inflammation in Cancers)
Abstract
The connection between inflammation and tumorigenesis has been well established, based on a great deal of supporting evidence obtained from epidemiological, pharmacological, and genetic studies. One representative example is inflammatory bowel disease, because it is an important risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Moreover, intratumoral infiltration of inflammatory cells suggests the involvement of inflammatory responses also in other forms of sporadic as well as heritable colon cancer. Inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis activate similar sets of transcription factors such as NF-kB, Stat3, and hypoxia inducible factor and eventually enhances the expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemokines. The expression of TNF and chemokines is aberrantly expressed in a mouse model of colitis-associated carcinogenesis as well as in inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer in humans. Here, after summarizing the presumed actions of TNF and chemokines in tumor biology, we will discuss the potential roles of TNF and chemokines in chronic inflammation-associated colon cancer in mice.Keywords:
cyclooxygenase 2; tumor-associated macrophage; neovascularization; NF-kB; hypoxia inducible factor
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Mukaida, N.; Sasakki, S.-I.; Popivanova, B.K. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Chemokines in Colitis-Associated Cancer. Cancers 2011, 3, 2811-2826.