Cytokines and Growth Factors Expressed by Human Cutaneous Melanoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cultured Human Melanoma Cell Lines
Cytokine | ELISA sensitivity
(pg/mL) | Number of cell lines tested | Percentage of cell lines
secreting cytokine |
---|---|---|---|
IL-8 | 31 | 16 | 100 |
IL-6 | 10 | 15 | 87 |
OPN | 312 | 22 | 82 |
TNF-α | 16 | 15 | 53 |
IL-10 | 15 | 17 | 47 |
GM-CSF | 15 | 14 | 43 |
IL-1 α | 13 | 15 | 40 |
IFN -α | 10 | 16 | 19 |
IL-15 | 4 | 15 | 7 |
IL-4 | 16 | 17 | 0 |
IL-13 | 26 | 17 | 0 |
IL-17 | 31 | 17 | 0 |
IL-18 | 26 | 17 | 0 |
IFN-β | 250 | 17 | 0 |
Growth Factor | ELISA sensitivity (pg/mL) | Number of cell lines tested | Percentage of cell lines secreting growth factor |
---|---|---|---|
TGF-β | 31 | 25 | 100 |
VEGF | 31 | 22 | 95 |
PDGF-AA | 31 | 21 | 86 |
PlGF | 16 | 22 | 59 |
PDGF-AB | 31 | 23 | 52 |
TGF-α | 16 | 21 | 52 |
FGF-b | 10 | 22 | 45 |
IGF-1 | 94 | 21 | 33 |
EGF | 4 | 22 | 9 |
PDGF-BB | 31 | 25 | 0 |
2.2. Heterogeneity of Factors
Patient number | Source of tumor | Date collected | PDGF-AA mean pg/mL (2 SD) | OPN mean pg/mL (2 SD) | PlGF mean pg/mL (2 SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lymph node | 14 April 2005 | 0 | 3533 (5801) | 0 |
Soft tissue | 8 June 2005 | 0 | 2467 (1617) | 95 (139) | |
Lymph node | 8 June 2005 | 1245 (1414) | 100 (346) | 32 (19) | |
2 | Lymph node, Deep groin | 1 September 2006 | 4783 (685) | 60763 (11127) | 4387 (455) |
Lymph node, Superficial groin | 1 September 2006 | 680 (311) | 467 (115) | 0 |
2.3. Immunohistochemistry Study
Cytokines/Growth Factors | Primary Melanoma (n = 12) | Distant Metastasis (n = 19) | Fisher’s Exact Test P-value |
---|---|---|---|
EGF | 12 (100%) | 14 (74%) | NS |
PlGF | 6 (50%) | 7 (37%) | NS |
GM-CSF | 4 (33%) | 2 (11%) | NS |
IL-15 | 5 (42%) | 3 (16%) | NS |
Osteopontin | 12 (100%) | 15 (79%) | NS |
IL-1α | 8 (66%) | 15 (79%) | NS |
IL-6 | 7 (58%) | 12 (63%) | NS |
IGF-1 | 5 (42%) | 8 (42%) | NS |
IL-5 | 7 (58%) | 14 (74%) | NS |
VEGF-A | 2 (17%) | 4 (21%) | NS |
IL-8 | 7 (58%) | 4 (21%) | NS |
TGF-β | 11 (92%) | 3 (16%) | <0.001 |
TNF-α | 2 (17%) | 8 (42%) | NS |
FGF-Basic | 8 (67%) | 9 (47%) | NS |
PDGF-AA | 1 (8%) | 8 (42%) | NS |
Cytokines/Growth Factors | Primary Melanoma (n = 12) | Distant Metastasis (n = 19) | Fisher’s Exact Test P-value |
---|---|---|---|
EGF | 12 (100%) | 19 (100%) | NS |
PlGF | 11 (91%) | 18 (94%) | NS |
GM-CSF | 9 (75%) | 12 (63%) | NS |
IL-15 | 9 (75%) | 5 (26%) | <0.05 |
Osteopontin | 9 (75%) | 9 (47%) | NS |
IL-1α | 8 (66%) | 11 (57%) | NS |
IL-6 | 8 (66%) | 8 (42%) | NS |
IGF-1 | 7 (58%) | 1 (5%) | <0.01 |
IL-5 | 7 (58%) | 9 (47%) | NS |
VEGF-A | 3 (25%) | 3 (15%) | NS |
IL-8 | 4 (33%) | 10 (52%) | NS |
TGF-β | 1 (8%) | 5 (26%) | NS |
TNF-α | 10 (83%) | 11 (57%) | NS |
FGF-Basic | 10 (83%) | 8 (42%) | <0.05 |
PDGF-AA | 6 (50%) | 8 (42%) | NS |
3. Discussion
3.1. Duality of Effects
3.2. Cytokines
3.2.1. Interleukins
3.2.2. Other Cytokines
3.3. The Growth Factors
3.4. Comparison of Factors from Cell Lines and Tissues
3.5. Clinical Considerations
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Establishment and Characterization of Human Melanoma Cell Lines
Antibody | Clone | Intracellular/Surface | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-MART-1 | M2-7C10 | Intracellular | Lab Vision NeoMarkers MS-612P |
Anti-gp100 | HMB45 | Intracellular | Invitrogen 18-2050 |
Anti-TRP75 | TA99 | Intracellular | Lab Vision NeoMarkets MS1634P |
MCSP-APC | EP-1 | Surface | Miltenyi Biotec 130-091-252 |
4.2. Immunohistochemistry Studies
Antibody | Type of antibody | Catalog # | Vendor |
---|---|---|---|
IL-1α | Monoclonal | MAB 200 | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
IL-5 | Monoclonal | MAB-605 | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
IL-6 | Monoclonal | NCL-IL-6 | Nova Castra, New Castle upon Tyne, UK |
IL-8 | Polyclonal | AHC-0881 | Biosource, Camarillo, CA |
IL-15 | Monoclonal | MAB 647 | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
GM-CSF | Monoclonal | MAB 215 | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
VEGF-A | Monoclonal | MAB-293 | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
PDGF-AA | Polyclonal | AF-221NA | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
Osteopontin | Monoclonal | NCL-OPNTIN | Nova Castra, New Castle Upon Tyne, UK |
IGF-1 | Polyclonal | AF-291NA | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
PlGF | Monoclonal | P-3863 | Sigma, St Louis, MO |
TGF-β | Monoclonal | NCL-TGF-B | NovaCastra, New Castle Upon tyne, UK |
FGF-basic | Polyclonal | AB-233-NA | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
EGF | Monoclonal | E-2520 | Sigma, St Louis, MO |
TGF-alpha | Polyclonal | AF-239-NA | R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
IL | interleukin |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
IFN | interferon |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
PDGF | platelet derived growth factor |
PlGF | placenta growth factor |
FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
EGF | epidermal growth factor |
OPN | osteopontin |
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Elias, E.G.; Hasskamp, J.H.; Sharma, B.K. Cytokines and Growth Factors Expressed by Human Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers 2010, 2, 794-808. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020794
Elias EG, Hasskamp JH, Sharma BK. Cytokines and Growth Factors Expressed by Human Cutaneous Melanoma. Cancers. 2010; 2(2):794-808. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020794
Chicago/Turabian StyleElias, Elias G., Joanne H. Hasskamp, and Bhuvnesh K. Sharma. 2010. "Cytokines and Growth Factors Expressed by Human Cutaneous Melanoma" Cancers 2, no. 2: 794-808. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020794