Plant Insecticidal Toxins in Ecological Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction: The Diversity of Plant Insecticidal Toxins
1.1. Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defences
Plant Insecticidal Compounds | Activity | Plant localization | Insect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
C Based compounds | ||||
Terpenoids | ||||
Monoterpene alcohol | repellent | flowers | Lasius niger (Hymenoptera) | [2] |
Diterpenoids | repellentantifeeding | stems | Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera) | [3] |
Cardenolides | toxicity | aerial and subterranean parts | Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera) | [4] |
Iridoid glycosides | toxicity | leavesnectar | Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera) | [5,6] |
Phenolics of low molecular weight | ||||
Phenolic glucosides | deterrenttoxicity | aerial parts | Generalist and specialist invertebrates | [7] |
Aromatic esters | repellent | nectar | Solenopsis xyloni (Hymenoptera) | [8] |
Flavonoids | repellent | leaves | Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) | [9] |
Isoflavones | feeding deterrent | roots | Costelytra zealandicator (Coleoptera) | [10] |
Furanocoumarins and coumarins | toxicity | leaves | Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera) | [11] |
Tannins | toxicity (oxidation) | leaves | Orgyia leucostigma (Lepidoptera) | [12] |
N Based compounds | ||||
Cyanogenic glucosides | toxicity | leaves | Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) | [13] |
Glucosinolates | toxicity | leaves | Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera) | [14] |
Alkaloïds | repellent | nectar | Bee pollinators | [8,15,16] |
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | toxicity | leaves | Non adapted Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) | [17,18] |
Azoglucosides | toxicity (mutagen) | leaves, seeds, cones | Rhopalotria sp. (Coleoptera) | [19] |
Non protein amino-acid | toxicity | leaves | Invertebrates | [20] |
Protease inhibitors | toxicity | leaves | Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) | [21] |
Peptides (cyclotides) | toxicity | leaves, flowers, stems, roots | Invertebrates | [22] |
1.2. Diversity of Effects on Insects
1.2.1. Repellent Effect
1.2.2. Growth Inhibitor, Toxic Effects
1.2.3. Pleitropic Role of Tannins
2. Insecticidal Toxins in an Antagonistic Context
2.1. Strategies Selected in Insects to Overcome Plant Chemical Defences
2.2. The Co-evolutionary Arms Race and the Evolution of Specialisation
3. Plant Toxins in Mutualistic Interactions
3.1. Plants Use Toxins to Choose Adequate Partners
3.2. Plants Use Toxins to Control Mutualistic Partners
3.3. Toxins in Mutualisms Usually Evolve in Relation to Anti-Herbivore Defence
4. Insecticidal Toxins and Multi-Trophic Interactions
4.1. Effect of Plant Toxins on Predators and the Evolution of Aposematism
4.2. Effect of Plant Toxins on Parasitoids and Entomopathogens
4.3. Plant Toxins, Pharmacophagy, and Self-Medication in Insects
4.4. Plant Toxins and Insect Symbionts
5. Conclusions
References
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Ibanez, S.; Gallet, C.; Després, L. Plant Insecticidal Toxins in Ecological Networks. Toxins 2012, 4, 228-243. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4040228
Ibanez S, Gallet C, Després L. Plant Insecticidal Toxins in Ecological Networks. Toxins. 2012; 4(4):228-243. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4040228
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbanez, Sébastien, Christiane Gallet, and Laurence Després. 2012. "Plant Insecticidal Toxins in Ecological Networks" Toxins 4, no. 4: 228-243. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4040228