Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Animal Models of IBD—The Chemical-Induced Models
2.1. DSS
2.2. TNBS
2.3. Acetic Acid
3. Potential Roles of Amino Acids in IBD
3.1. Glutamine
3.2. Glutamate
3.3. Arginine
3.4. Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids (Methionine and Cysteine)
3.5. Threonine
3.6. Tryptophan
3.7. Glycine
3.8. Histidine
3.9. Other Amino Acids
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Colitis Models | Procedure | Animals | References |
---|---|---|---|
DSS | 1.5–5% (wt/vol) DSS (molecular weight 36–50 kDa) in the drinking water for 5–7 days | rodent | [9,10,11,12,13,14,15] |
1.25 g DSS per kg body weight twice a day for 5 days | piglets | [16] | |
Chronic colitis: cyclic treatment with 2% DSS repeated 3 times for 30 days | C57BL/6 mice | [9] | |
TNBS | 2 mg/100 mL of TNBS in 45% ethanol | C57BL/6 mice | [9] |
30 mg TNBS in 0.25 mL 50% ethanol | Wistar rats | [17] | |
15 mg TNBS in 0.6 mL 50% ethanol | Sprague-Dawley rats | [18] | |
15 mg/kg TNBS in 5 mL 50% ethanol | piglets | [19] | |
30-mL of 120 mg/kg TNBS in 50% ethanol | minipigs | [20] | |
10 mL of 100% ethanol and 1 g of TNBS in 10 mL of distilled water | adult mongrel dogs | [21] | |
acetic acid | 4% acetic acid for 15 s | rats | [22] |
1 mL of 4% acetic acid in 0.9% NaCl | rats | [23,24] |
Amino Acids | Effects | Animal Models | References |
---|---|---|---|
Glutamine | ↓body weight loss, colon edema, endothelial adhesion molecules, infiltrating Th cells, PSGL-1, LFA-1, CCR9 | C57BL/6 mice; DSS | [10] |
↓epithelium injury and loss, mucosal hypoplasia | Sprague-Dawley rats; acetic acid | [60] | |
↓disruption of colonic architecture, submucosal and serosal fibrosis, collagen Iα2, collagen III, TGFβ, phosphorylated Smad3, PDGF, CTGF | Wistar rats; TNBS | [17] | |
↑HO-1, GSH ↓MDA, caspase-3, NF-κB | Wistar-albino rats; TNBS | [44] | |
↑GSH ↓MDA, caspase-3 | Wistar-albino rats; TNBS | [61] | |
↓histopathological scores, cytosolic concentration of TBARS, hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence, NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2 | Wistars rats; acetic acid | [49] | |
↓histopathological scores, cytosolic concentration of TBARS, hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence, MPO, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, phosphorylated forms of STAT1, STAT5, Akt | Wistar rats; TNBS | [62] | |
↑Th22 and Treg cell expression ↓Th1/Th17-associated cytokine expression | C57BL/6 mice; DSS | [11] | |
↓NF-κB, PI3K-Akt | ICR mice; DSS | [12] | |
↑HSP25, HSP70 ↓diarrhea | Sprague-Dawley rats; DSS | [15] | |
↓oxidative stress, ER stress, apoptosis | Wistar rats; TNBS | [45] | |
Glutamate | ↑PCNA-positive cells, SOD, Bcl-2 ↓MDA, Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β | Sprague-Dawley rats; TNBS | [63] |
Arginine | ↑iNOS ↓mucosal permeability, number of MPO-positive neutrophils, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine | iNOS−/− C57BL/6 mice; DSS | [14] |
↑T-SOD ↓Akt, MLCK | ICR mice; DSS | [12] | |
↓body weight loss, colon weights, macroscopic and microscopic damage of colonic tissues | Wistar rats; acetic acid | [64] | |
Sulphur-containing amino acids | ↓colon lesions, cytoskeleton damage, serum amyloid A, TNF-α | BALB/C mice; DSS | [27] |
↑caspase-8 ↓chemokine, neutrophil influx, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-1β, cFLIP and Bcl-xL | Yorkshire piglets; DSS | [16] | |
↑goblet cell number, protein/DNA ratio, claudin-1 ↓IEL number, caspase-3, MPO, MDA, TNF-α | piglets; acetic acid | [54] | |
↑GSH, SOD, CAT ↓MPO, MDA | Wistar-albino rats; acetic acid | [65] | |
↑PON1,GSH ↓macroscopic colonic damage, histopathologic changes, MPO, ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β | BALB/c mice; DSS | [26] | |
↑GSH, SOD ↓MPO, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | Wistar albino rats; acetic acid | [24] | |
↓COX2, PGE2 | Sprague-Dawley rats; TNBS | [18] | |
↓chronic ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal adenocarcinoma development | C57BL/6J mice; DSS | [66] | |
Tryptophan | ↓body weight loss, frequency of bloody stools, nitrotyrosine content of the colonic tissues | C57black6 mice; DSS | [67] |
↑caspase-8, Bax ↓gut permeability, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-8, ICAM-1 | Piglets; DSS | [68] | |
↑Ahr, IL-22, STAT3 ↓colitis symptoms, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, Ccl2, Cxcl1, Cxcl2 | C57BL/6 WT and KO mice; DSS | [69] | |
Glycine | ↓diarrhea, body weight loss, ulceration, MPO, IL-1β, TNF-α, CINC, MIP-2 | Wistar rats; TNBS/DSS | [70] |
Histidine | ↓histologic damage, colon weight, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB | IL-10−/− mice | [71] |
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Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Hu, C.-A.A. Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2017, 9, 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090920
Liu Y, Wang X, Hu C-AA. Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090920
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yulan, Xiuying Wang, and Chien-An Andy Hu. 2017. "Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090920