Short-Term Intake of a Fructose-, Fat- and Cholesterol-Rich Diet Causes Hepatic Steatosis in Mice: Effect of Antibiotic Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatment
2.2. Histological Evaluation of Liver Sections and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation
2.3. Blood Parameters of Liver Damage, ELISA and Endotoxin Measurement
2.4. Immunohistochemical Staining for 4-HNE Protein Adducts and iNOS Protein in the Liver As Well As 3-Nitrotyrosine Protein Adducts, MMP-13, Occludin and ZO-1 Protein in the Small Intestine
2.5. RNA Isolation and Real-Time RT-PCR
2.6. Western Blot
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight, Liver Steatosis and Inflammatory Markers in Liver
3.2. Markers of Lipogenesis in Liver
3.3. Markers of TLR-4 Signaling As Well As Lipidperoxidation in Liver Tissue
3.4. Markers of Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation As Well As Lipidperoxidation in the Small Intestine and Portal Vein
4. Discussion
4.1. Short-Term Isocalcoric Intake of a Fat-, Fructose- and Cholesterol-Rich Diet Leads to Alterations of the Markers of Intestinal Permeability and the Onset of NAFLD
4.2. Antibiotic Treatment Not Only Diminishes the Loss of Tight Junction Proteins and the Induction of iNOS in the Small Intestine and the Increase of Portal Endotoxin Levels, But Also the Accumulation of Triglycerides in the Liver
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward (5′–3′) | Reverse (5′–3′) | Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|
18S | GTA ACC CGT TGA ACC CCA TT | CCA TCC AAT CGG TAG TAG CG | NR_003278 |
ACC | CTT CCT CCT GAT CAG CAA CTC T | CGT GAG TTT TCC CAA AAT AAG C | NM_133904 |
FASN | TCT GGG CCA ACC TCA TTG GT | GAA GCT GGG GGT CCA TTG TG | NM_007988 |
Il-1β | TGG CTG TGG AGA AGC TGT GG | GTC CGA CAG CAC GAG GCT TT | NM_008361 |
Il-6 | CCA CGG CCT TCC CTA CTT CA | TGC AAG TGC ATC ATC GTT GTT C | NM_001314054 |
iNOS | CCC CTG GAA GTT TCT CTT CAA AGT C | GAT TCT GGA ACA TTC TGT GCT GTC C | NM_010927 |
MMP-13 | AGA AGT GTG ACC CAG CCC TA | GCG CAA GAA GAA TCT GTC TTT | NM_008607 |
MMP-9 | TGG TCT TCC CCA AAG ACC TG | GCG GTA CAA GTA TGC CTC TG | NM_013599 |
MyD88 | CAA AAG TGG GGT GCC TTT GC | AAA TCC ACA GTG CCC CCA GA | NM_010851 |
SCD1 | CCG ATA AAA GGG GGC TGA GG | TGC TGA GAT CGA GCG TGG AC | NM_009127 |
SREBP-1c | ACC GGC TAC TGC TGG ACT GC | AGA GCA AGA GGG TGC CAT CG | NM_001313979 |
TLR-4 | AGC CAT TGC TGC CAA CAT CA | GCT GCC TCA GCA GGG ACT TC | NM_021297 |
Parameter | Groups | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | FFC | C + AB | FFC + AB | DE × ABE | ABE | DE | |
Caloric intake [kcal/mouse/day] | 9.9 ± 0.0 | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.0 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | NS | NS | NS |
Body weight [g] | 19.1 ± 0.3 | 19.9 ± 0.4 | 19.5 ± 0.3 | 19.6 ± 0.3 | NS | NS | NS |
Weight gain [g] | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | NS | NS | NS |
Liver weight [g] | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 1.0 ± 0.02 a,c | 0.9 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.02 a,c | NS | NS | <0.05 |
Liver:body weight ratio [%] | 4.6 ± 0.07 | 4.9 ± 0.08 a,c | 4.5 ± 0.05 | 5.0 ± 0.08 a,c | NS | NS | <0.05 |
Plasma ALT [U/I] | 19.6 ± 2.8 | 14.0 ± 0.7 | 14.9 ± 1.0 | 15.5 ± 1.4 | NS | NS | NS |
Parameter | Groups | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | FFC | C + AB | FFC + AB | DE × ABE | ABE | DE | |
Il-6 mRNA | 100 ± 14 | 198 ± 45 | 133 ± 28 | 109 ± 14 | NS | NS | NS |
Il-1β mRNA | 100 ± 12 | 127 ± 19 c | 61.3 ± 12 | 96.4 ± 16 | NS | NS | <0.05 |
PAI-1 protein | 100 ± 6 | 123 ± 10 c,d | 75.1 ± 4 | 65.1 ± 13 a | NS | <0.05 | NS |
SREBP-1c mRNA | 100 ± 20 | 182 ± 10 c | 88.0 ± 15 | 193 ± 25 c | NS | NS | <0.05 |
ACC mRNA | 100 ± 26 | 298 ± 59 a | 270 ± 50 a | 243 ± 40 | <0.05 | NS | NS |
FASN mRNA | 100 ± 24 | 146 ± 12 | 228 ± 46 | 258 ± 95 | NS | NS | NS |
SCD1 mRNA | 100 ± 21 | 429 ± 111 a,c | 109 ± 23 | 286 ± 65 a | NS | NS | <0.05 |
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Share and Cite
Brandt, A.; Jin, C.J.; Nolte, K.; Sellmann, C.; Engstler, A.J.; Bergheim, I. Short-Term Intake of a Fructose-, Fat- and Cholesterol-Rich Diet Causes Hepatic Steatosis in Mice: Effect of Antibiotic Treatment. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091013
Brandt A, Jin CJ, Nolte K, Sellmann C, Engstler AJ, Bergheim I. Short-Term Intake of a Fructose-, Fat- and Cholesterol-Rich Diet Causes Hepatic Steatosis in Mice: Effect of Antibiotic Treatment. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091013
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandt, Annette, Cheng Jun Jin, Katja Nolte, Cathrin Sellmann, Anna Janina Engstler, and Ina Bergheim. 2017. "Short-Term Intake of a Fructose-, Fat- and Cholesterol-Rich Diet Causes Hepatic Steatosis in Mice: Effect of Antibiotic Treatment" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091013