Higher Protein Intake Does Not Improve Lean Mass Gain When Compared with RDA Recommendation in Postmenopausal Women Following Resistance Exercise Protocol: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Assessments
2.3.1. Anthropometry
2.3.2. Body Composition
2.4. Strength Measurement
2.5. Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
2.6. Dietary Assessment
2.7. Blood Samples
2.8. Experimental Protocol
2.8.1. Dietary Intervention
2.8.2. Resistance Training
2.8.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Intake
3.3. Distribution of Protein and Leucine during the Day
3.4. Strength
3.5. Body Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | NP (n = 12) | HP (n = 11) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Time | Treatment | Time × Treatment | |
Strength | |||||||
Bench press RM (kg) | 33.0 ± 4.9 a,b | 35.5 ±5.6 a,b | 32.2 ± 6.3 a | 34.3 ± 7.9 b | 0.002 | 0.644 | 0.215 |
Leg extension RM (kg) | 71.1 ± 15.8 a,b | 77.8 ± 22.2 a,b | 75.3 ± 14.8 a | 84.7 ± 14.6 b | <0.001 | 0.394 | 0.498 |
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Variables | NP | HP | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 12 | n = 11 | ||
Age, years | 63.0 ± 8.6 | 63.4 ± 7.6 | 0.895 |
Anthropometrics | |||
Weight, kg | 69.0 ± 17.1 | 67.6 ± 15.6 | 0.840 |
Height, m | 1.56 ± 0.08 | 1.55 ± 0.06 | 0.824 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 6.0 | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 0.894 |
Body Composition | |||
Total lean mass, kg | 37.6 ± 6.2 | 37.1 ± 6.2 | 0.857 |
Leg lean mass, kg | 12.7 ± 2.6 | 12.7 ± 2.9 | 0.969 |
MMI, kg/m2 | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 0.934 |
Total fat mass, kg * | 24.5 (20.5–33.5) | 27.7 (20.6–34.2) | 0.786 |
Total fat mass, % | 40.7 ± 7.0 | 40.9 ± 4.7 | 0.938 |
Trunk fat mass, kg * | 13.2 (11.2–19.6) | 13.6 (11.6–18.2) | 0.740 |
Strength | |||
Bench press 1-RM (kg) | 33.0 ± 4.9 | 32.2 ± 6.3 | 0.900 |
Leg extension 1-RM (kg) | 71.1 ± 15.8 | 75.3 ± 14.8 | 0.518 |
Biochemical parameters | |||
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.80 ± 0.18 | 0.768 |
Urea, mg/dL * | 27.7 (24.4–35.8) | 34.1 (30.3–36.0) | 0.104 |
Energy expenditure | |||
REE, kcal | 1582 ± 566 | 1394 ± 291 | 0.324 |
TEE, kcal | 2127 ± 750 | 1881 ± 388 | 0.332 |
Variables | NP (n = 12) | HP (n = 11) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | During | Pre | During | Time | Intervention | Interaction | |
Calories, kcal | 1342 ± 423 a | 1439 ± 205 a | 1412 ± 382 a | 1502 ± 214 a | 0.267 | 0.494 | 0.968 |
Carbohydrate, g | 161.6 ± 54.4 a | 168.7 ± 31.0 a | 182.3 ± 52.6 a | 179.9 ± 33.3 a | 0.829 | 0.237 | 0.668 |
Carbohydrate, % | 48.4 ± 8.1 a,b | 46.9 ± 6.2 a,b | 51.5 ± 3.7 a | 47.7 ± 3.6 b | 0.024 | 0.296 | 0.326 |
Lipids, g | 51.9 ± 16.7 | 56.4 ± 12.5 a | 53.9 ± 16.5 a | 53.3 ± 10.1 a | 0.642 | 0.895 | 0.535 |
Lipids, % | 35.0 ± 6.3 | 35.4 ± 6.9 a | 34.1 ± 2.7 a | 32.0 ± 3.1 a | 0.400 | 0.219 | 0.205 |
Protein, g | 51.5 ± 15.3 a | 58.7 ± 10.4 a | 53.2 ± 13.5 a | 77.4 ± 10.5 b | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Protein, % | 15.5 ± 2.9 a | 16.4 ± 2.2 a | 15.3 ± 2.7 a | 20.6 ± 2.6 b | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
Isoleucine, g * | 1.9 ± 0.6 a | 2.4 ± 0.5 b,c | 2.1 ± 0.5 a,c | 3.4 ± 0.5 d | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.011 |
Valine, g | 3.4 ± 1.0 a | 3.4 ± 0.7 a | 3.6 ± 0.9 a | 4.9 ± 0.8 b | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
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Rossato, L.T.; Nahas, P.C.; De Branco, F.M.S.; Martins, F.M.; Souza, A.P.; Carneiro, M.A.S.; Orsatti, F.L.; De Oliveira, E.P. Higher Protein Intake Does Not Improve Lean Mass Gain When Compared with RDA Recommendation in Postmenopausal Women Following Resistance Exercise Protocol: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091007
Rossato LT, Nahas PC, De Branco FMS, Martins FM, Souza AP, Carneiro MAS, Orsatti FL, De Oliveira EP. Higher Protein Intake Does Not Improve Lean Mass Gain When Compared with RDA Recommendation in Postmenopausal Women Following Resistance Exercise Protocol: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091007
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossato, Luana T., Paula C. Nahas, Flávia M. S. De Branco, Fernanda M. Martins, Aletéia P. Souza, Marcelo A. S. Carneiro, Fábio L. Orsatti, and Erick P. De Oliveira. 2017. "Higher Protein Intake Does Not Improve Lean Mass Gain When Compared with RDA Recommendation in Postmenopausal Women Following Resistance Exercise Protocol: A Randomized Clinical Trial" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091007