Maternal Vitamin D Status and Delivery by Cesarean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Data Analysis
4. Results
Characteristics | N | 25(OH)D Concentration | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30.0 nmol/L (N = 125) | 30–49.9 nmol/L (N = 275) | 50–125 nmol/L (N = 683) | >125 nmol/L (N = 70) | |||
25(OH)D (nmol/L) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 22.6 (0.49) | 40.7(0.33) | 77.6(0.75) | 142.1(1.81) | <0.001 |
25(OH)D3 (nmol/L) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 22.2 (1.49) | 39.5(1.00) | 75.5(0.64) | 139.7(2.0) | <0.001 |
25(OH)D2 (nmol/L) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 0.44 (0.52) | 1.16 (0.35) | 2.10 (0.22) | 2.34 (0.70) | 0.007 |
% Detectable | 12.0 | 22.9 | 25.9 | 28.6 | <0.005 | |
Intact Parathyroid Hormone (pmol/L) | 1141 | 5.6 (0.21) | 4.5 (0.14) | 3.6 (0.09) | 3.4 (0.27) | <0.001 |
Gestation at Entry (weeks) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 13.0 (0.50) | 13.5 (0.34) | 13.8 (0.21) | 15.5 (0.67) | 0.014 |
Age (years) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 23.0 (0.50) | 22.7 (0.33) | 22.9 (0.21) | 22.2 (0.66) | 0.67 |
Parity (%) | ||||||
Nulliparous | 435 | 8.5 | 18.2 | 65.3 | 8.1 | <0.001 |
Parous | 718 | 12.3 | 27.3 | 55.6 | 4.9 | |
BMI (kg/m2) Mean, SEM | 1153 | 27.5 (0.57) | 27.5 (0.38) | 25.6 (0.24) | 22.9 (0.77) | <0.001 |
BMI (%) | ||||||
<25 | 619 | 9.5 | 19.2 | 62.5 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
25–29.9 | 237 | 13.1 | 25.7 | 58.2 | 2.9 | |
≥30 | 297 | 11.8 | 32.0 | 53.2 | 3.0 | |
Smoking (%) | ||||||
Yes | 235 | 11.5 | 22.1 | 58.7 | 7.7 | 0.65 |
No | 918 | 10.7 | 24.3 | 59.4 | 5.7 | |
Ethnicity (%) | ||||||
African-American | 399 | 18.3 | 33.3 | 46.9 | 1.5 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 593 | 8.4 | 21.6 | 62.7 | 7.3 | |
White | 161 | 1.2 | 8.7 | 77.0 | 13.0 | |
Season at Entry (%) | ||||||
Winter | 306 | 19.0 | 27.1 | 49.7 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
Spring | 324 | 11.7 | 25.6 | 56.8 | 5.9 | |
Summer | 257 | 2.7 | 14.8 | 74.7 | 7.8 | |
Fall | 266 | 8.3 | 26.7 | 58.3 | 6.8 | |
Insurance Source (%) | ||||||
Medicaid | 1137 | 11.0 | 23.7 | 59.1 | 6.2 | 0.59 |
Other | 14 | 10.0 | 78.6 | 21.4 | 0 |
Intake(Mean, SEM) | 25(OH)D Concentration | p for Trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 nmol/L | 30–49.9 nmol/L | 50–125 nmol/L | >125 nmol/L | ||
(N = 125) | (N = 275) | (N = 683) | (N = 70) | ||
Vitamin D (diet μg/day) | |||||
Mean 1 | 4.0 (0.29) | 4.1 (0.19) | 4.9 (0.12) | 5.2 (0.38) | <0.001 |
Entry | 3.6 (0.38) | 3.5 (0.27) | 4.6 (0.16) | 5.2 (0.53) | <0.001 |
Calcium (diet mg/day) | |||||
Mean 1 | 876 (30.5) | 868 (20.8) | 943 (13.0) | 985 (40.9) | <0.001 |
Entry | 821 (44.3) | 809 (31.5) | 917 (19.3) | 992 (63.1) | <0.001 |
Vitamin D (diet + supplements μg/day) | |||||
Mean 1 | 9.1 (0.34) | 9.5 (0.23) | 10.6 (0.15) | 11.2 (0.46) | <0.001 |
Entry | 8.6 (0.43) | 9.1 (0.31) | 10.6 (0.19) | 11.1 (0.62) | <0.001 |
Calcium (diet + supplements mg/day) | |||||
Mean 1 | 1021 (30.7) | 1024 (21.0) | 1110 (13.1) | 1156 (41.2) | <0.001 |
Entry | 963 (44.3) | 969 (31.5) | 1089 (19.3) | 1160 (63.1) | <0.001 |
Total Cesarean Deliveries | ||||||
25(OH)D Concentration | N | % | AOR 1 | 95% CI | AOR 2 | 95% CI |
<30 nmol/L | 125 | 35.2 | 1.70 | 1.12, 2.58 | 1.66 | 1.09, 2.52 |
30–49.9 nmol/L | 275 | 22.2 | 0.89 | 0.63, 1.25 | 0.83 | 0.59, 1.17 |
50–125.0 nmol/L | 683 | 24.9 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
>125 nmol/L | 70 | 21.4 | 0.59 | 0.17, 2.08 | 0.90 | 0.49, 1.66 |
Primary Cesarean Delivery 3 | ||||||
25(OH)D Concentration | N | % | AOR 1 | 95% CI | AOR 2 | 95% CI |
<30 nmol/L | 105 | 22.9 | 1.79 | 1.07, 3.01 | 1.68 | 0.99, 2.84 |
30–49.9 nmol/L | 247 | 19.1 | 0.89 | 0.58, 1.37 | 0.80 | 0.52, 1.24 |
50–125.0 nmol/L | 618 | 17.0 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
>125 nmol/L | 66 | 16.7 | 0.94 | 0.47, 1.87 | 1.03 | 0.51, 2.06 |
25(OH)D Concentration | N | Prolonged Labor | Fetal Distress | Other Causes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | AOR 1 | 95% CI | % | AOR 1 | 95% CI | % | AOR 1 | 95% CI | ||
<30 nmol/L | 125 | 12.0 | 2.08 | 1.09, 3.98 | 5.6 | 1.54 | 0.64, 3.70 | 17.6 | 1.38 | 0.79, 2.38 |
30–49.9 nmol/L | 275 | 8.0 | 1.14 | 0.66, 1.97 | 5.1 | 1.09 | 0.56, 2.11 | 9.1 | 0.56 | 0.35, 0.92 |
50–125.0 nmol/L | 683 | 7.0 | Reference | - | 4.5 | Reference | - | 13.3 | Reference | - |
>125 nmol/L | 70 | 5.7 | 0.81 | 0.28, 2.35 | 5.7 | 1.21 | 0.41, 3.60 | 10.0 | 0.82 | 0.36, 1.93 |
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References
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Scholl, T.O.; Chen, X.; Stein, P. Maternal Vitamin D Status and Delivery by Cesarean. Nutrients 2012, 4, 319-330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4040319
Scholl TO, Chen X, Stein P. Maternal Vitamin D Status and Delivery by Cesarean. Nutrients. 2012; 4(4):319-330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4040319
Chicago/Turabian StyleScholl, Theresa O., Xinhua Chen, and Peter Stein. 2012. "Maternal Vitamin D Status and Delivery by Cesarean" Nutrients 4, no. 4: 319-330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4040319