Association between Dietary Zinc Intake and Hyperuricemia among Adults in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Populations
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RDAs for Zinc(mg/Day) | Zinc Intake(mg/Day) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 12,757) | 11.00 | 11.82 (8.12, 16.88) | <0.0001 |
Female (n = 12,218) | 8.00 | 8.45 (5.87, 11.87) | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | Male | p | Female | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc Intake <11 mg/Day (n = 5730) | Zinc Intake ≥11 mg/Day (n = 7027) | Zinc Intake <8 mg/Day (n = 5624) | Zinc Intake ≥8 mg/Day (n = 6594) | |||
Age (years) | 51.00 (35.00, 65.00) | 44.00 (32.00, 58.00) | <0.0001 | 50.00 (36.00, 64.00) | 47.00 (33.00, 61.00) | <0.0001 |
Race/ethnicity (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic white | 2500 (43.63) | 3712 (52.82) | <0.0001 c | 2571 (45.71) | 3383 (51.30) | 0.0003 c |
Non-Hispanic black | 1291 (22.53) | 1138 (16.19) | <0.0001 c | 1237 (22.00) | 1130 (17.14) | <0.0001 c |
Mexican American | 1011 (17.64) | 1288 (18.33) | 0.4037 c | 909 (16.16) | 1137 (17.24) | 0.1782 c |
Others a | 928 (16.20) | 889 (12.65) | <0.0001 c | 907 (16.13) | 944 (14.32) | 0.0170 c |
Education background (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Above high School | 2656 (46.35) | 3676 (52.31) | <0.0001 d | 2737 (48.67) | 3769 (57.16) | <0.0001 d |
High school or GED b | 1344 (23.46) | 1722 (24.51) | 0.2797 d | 1341 (23.84) | 1411 (21.40) | 0.0104 d |
Less than high School | 1730 (30.19) | 1629 (23.18) | <0.0001 d | 1546 (27.49) | 1414 (21.44) | <0.0001 d |
Marital status (n, %) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Married or living with partner | 3703 (64.62) | 4767 (67.84) | 0.0855 e | 3001 (53.36) | 3786 (57.42) | 0.0161 e |
Living alone | 2027 (35.38) | 2260 (32.16) | 0.0071 e | 2623 (46.64) | 2808 (42.58) | 0.0053 e |
Drinking status (n, %) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
Never | 431 (7.52) | 477 (6.79) | 0.1356 c | 1203 (21.39) | 1144 (17.35) | <0.0001 c |
Current (<20 g/day) | 3529 (61.59) | 4245 (60.41) | 0.5040 c | 2771 (49.27) | 3520 (53.38) | 0.0102 c |
Current (≥20 g/day) | 1207 (21.06) | 1755 (24.98) | <0.0001 c | 501 (8.91) | 749 (11.36) | <0.0001 c |
Former | 563 (9.83) | 550 (7.83) | 0.0003 c | 1149 (20.43) | 1181 (17.91) | 0.0036 c |
Smoking status (n, %) | 0.0008 | 0.0006 | ||||
Never | 2482 (43.32) | 3241 (46.12) | 0.0503 d | 3421 (60.83) | 4104 (62.24) | 0.4361 d |
Current | 1505 (26.27) | 1847 (26.28) | 0.9852 d | 1148 (20.41) | 1170 (17.74) | 0.0020 d |
Former | 1743 (30.42) | 1939 (27.59) | 0.0093 d | 1055 (18.76) | 1320 (20.02) | 0.1497 d |
Weight (kg) | 82.40 (72.10, 94.60) | 84.80 (74.40, 97.30) | <0.0001 | 71.40 (61.10, 85.00) | 71.60 (61.30, 85.30) | 0.2418 |
Height (cm) | 173.60 (168.60, 178.80) | 175.50 (170.40, 180.70) | <0.0001 | 160.50 (155.50, 165.10) | 161.70 (156.70, 166.40) | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.40 (24.40, 30.80) | 27.70 (24.51, 31.14) | 0.0114 | 27.90 (23.95, 32.81) | 27.46 (23.60, 32.58) | 0.0080 |
Hypertension status (n, %) | 1412 (24.64) | 1322 (18.81) | <0.0001 | 1307 (23.24) | 1229 (18.64) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes status (n, %) | 608 (10.61) | 577 (8.21) | <0.0001 | 609 (10.83) | 561 (8.51) | <0.0001 |
HU (n, %) | 1309 (22.84) | 1383 (19.68) | <0.0001 | 986 (17.53) | 959 (14.54) | <0.0001 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1792.00 (1389.00, 2268.00) | 2824.00 (2261.00, 3554.00) | <0.0001 | 1340.00 (1033.00, 1681.00) | 2036.00 (1643.00, 2524.00) | <0.0001 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 63.44 (47.88, 80.69) | 112.73 (90.27, 141.69) | <0.0001 | 46.51 (35.22, 58.28) | 79.91 (64.77, 98.90) | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 223.34 (164.40, 292.01) | 325.89 (246.37, 426.19) | <0.0001 | 172.31 (127.39, 224.84) | 245.76 (189.64, 313.61) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake (mg/day) | 44.00 (16.60, 109.40) | 68.70 (30.20, 146.80) | <0.0001 | 39.10 (15.10, 93.75) | 64.65 (29.10, 128.00) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin E intake (mg/day) | 5.22 (3.40, 7.89) | 8.63 (5.81, 12.64) | <0.0001 | 4.32 (2.79, 6.42) | 6.98 (4.73, 10.15) | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber intake (g/day) | 12.20 (8.00, 17.70) | 19.60 (13.60, 27.60) | <0.0001 | 10.10 (6.70, 14.30) | 16.10 (11.40, 22.40) | <0.0001 |
STC (mg/dL) | 192.00 (165.00, 220.00) | 192.00 (166.00, 220.00) | 0.7974 | 197.00 (171.00, 226.00) | 196.00 (171.00, 223.00) | 0.0298 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | <0.0001 | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) | <0.0001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.00 (87.00, 104.00) | 93.00 (86.00, 103.00) | <0.0001 | 91.00 (84.00, 101.00) | 90.00 (83.00, 100.00) | 0.0011 |
STG (mg/dL) | 125.00 (82.00, 194.00) | 128.00 (84.00, 204.00) | 0.0008 | 111.00 (75.00, 165.00) | 108.00 (74.00, 166.00) | 0.2392 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.00 (39.00, 55.00) | 46.00 (39.00, 55.00) | 0.1222 | 55.00 (46.00, 67.00) | 56.00 (46.00, 67.00) | 0.0201 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.00 (5.20, 6.90) | 5.90 (5.20, 6.70) | <0.0001 | 4.70 (4.00, 5.60) | 4.60 (3.90, 5.40) | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | Male | p | Female | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-HU (n = 10,065) | HU (n = 2692) | Non-HU (n = 10,273) | HU (n = 1945) | |||
Zinc intake (mg/day) | 11.95 (8.22, 17.12) | 11.26 (7.69,16.23) | <0.0001 | 8.55 (5.96, 11.96) | 7.93 (5.44, 11.31) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C intake (mg/day) | 59.90 (23.90, 132.90) | 50.15 (20.40, 116.80) | <0.0001 | 54.40 (22.00, 115.00) | 46.80 (19.00, 98.60) | <0.0001 |
Vitamin E intake (mg/day) | 7.08 (4.55, 10.75) | 6.45 (4.10, 9.89) | <0.0001 | 5.72 (3.68, 8.57) | 5.22 (3.30, 7.89) | <0.0001 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2356.00 (1749.00, 3075.00) | 2244.50 (1686.50, 2971.50) | <0.0001 | 1709.00 (1300.00, 2209.00) | 1579.00 (1201.00, 2068.00) | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 279.96 (205.22, 375.88) | 257.69 (183.89, 349.50) | <0.0001 | 213.61 (157.48, 279.49) | 191.97 (140.12, 253.18) | <0.0001 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 88.85 (64.44, 119.84) | 86.01 (61.26, 116.79) | 0.0015 | 63.63 (46.54, 84.77) | 60.63 (43.75, 80.15) | <0.0001 |
Dietary fiber intake (g/day) | 16.40 (10.80, 23.90) | 14.00 (9.00, 21.20) | <0.0001 | 13.30 (8.80, 19.10) | 11.90 (8.00, 17.00) | <0.0001 |
Zinc Intake(mg/Day) | p for Trend | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (≤7.33) | Q2 (7.34–10.25) | Q3 (10.26–13.54) | Q4 (13.55–18.49) | Q5 (≥18.50) | |||
(n = 2553) | (n = 2551) | (n = 2554) | (n = 2551) | (n = 2548) | |||
Male (n = 12,757) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.95 (0.83,1.08) | 0.85 (0.74,0.97) | 0.82 (0.71,0.94) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.93 (0.81,1.06) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.80 (0.69,0.91) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.86) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.93 (0.81,1.07) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.96) | 0.0134 | |
Q1 (≤5.38) | Q2 (5.39–7.37) | Q3 (7.38–9.63) | Q4 (9.64–12.93) | Q5 (≥12.94) | |||
(n = 2445) | (n = 2444) | (n = 2451) | (n = 2437) | (n = 2441) | |||
Female (n = 12,218) | Model 1 | Reference | 0.81(0.70, 0.94) | 0.90(0.77, 1.04) | 0.73(0.62, 0.86) | 0.85(0.72, 0.99) | 0.0119 |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.83(0.71, 0.97) | 0.91(0.79, 1.07) | 0.75(0.64, 0.88) | 0.86(0.74, 1.01) | 0.0255 | |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.90(0.76, 1.08) | 0.98(0.82, 1.18) | 0.78(0.63, 0.97) | 0.94(0.74, 1.19) | 0.3024 |
Zinc Intake(mg/Day) | p for Trend | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 12,757) | n = 9197 | Q1 (≤7.67) | Q2 (7.68–10.66) | Q3 (10.67–13.98) | Q4 (13.99–19.08) | Q5 (≥19.09) | |
(n = 1840) | (n = 1844) | (n = 1839) | (n = 1838) | (n = 1836) | |||
Model 4 a | Reference | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.0038 | |
n = 3560 | Q1 (≤6.60) | Q2 (6.61–9.46) | Q3 (9.47–12.42) | Q4 (12.43–16.99) | Q5 (≥17.00) | ||
(n = 713) | (n = 712) | (n = 711) | (n = 712) | (n = 712) | |||
Model 4 b | Reference | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) | 0.5293 | |
Female (n = 12,218) | n = 8910 | Q1 (≤5.54) | Q2 (5.55–7.54) | Q3 (7.55–9.86) | Q4 (9.87–13.17) | Q5 (≥13.18) | |
(n = 1784) | (n = 1786) | (n = 1779) | (n = 1781) | (n = 1780) | |||
Model 4 a | Reference | 0.70 (0.56, 0.89) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.2927 | |
n = 3308 | Q1 (≤5.01) | Q2 (5.02–6.98) | Q3 (6.99–9.03) | Q4 (9.04–12.20) | Q5 (≥12.21) | ||
(n = 667) | (n = 657) | (n = 662) | (n = 661) | (n = 661) | |||
Model 4 b | Reference | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.01) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | 0.4467 |
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Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Qiu, H. Association between Dietary Zinc Intake and Hyperuricemia among Adults in the United States. Nutrients 2018, 10, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050568
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Qiu H. Association between Dietary Zinc Intake and Hyperuricemia among Adults in the United States. Nutrients. 2018; 10(5):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050568
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yiying, Yan Liu, and Hongbin Qiu. 2018. "Association between Dietary Zinc Intake and Hyperuricemia among Adults in the United States" Nutrients 10, no. 5: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050568