Future Internet 2012, 4(3), 672-687; doi:10.3390/fi4030672
Article

Stuxnet: What Has Changed?

Dorothy E. Denningemail
Department of Defense Analysis, Naval Postgraduate School, 589 Dyer Road, Monterey, CA 93943, USA
Received: 17 May 2012; in revised form: 25 June 2012 / Accepted: 11 July 2012 / Published: 16 July 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aftermath of Stuxnet)
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Abstract: This paper considers the impact of Stuxnet on cyber-attacks and cyber-defense. It first reviews trends in cyber-weapons and how Stuxnet fits into these trends. Because Stuxnet targeted an industrial control system in order to wreak physical damage, the focus is on weapons that target systems of that type and produce physical effects. The paper then examines the impact of Stuxnet on various domains of action where cyber-attacks play a role, including state-level conflict, terrorism, activism, crime, and pranks. For each domain, it considers the potential for new types of cyber-attacks, especially attacks against industrial control systems, and whether such attacks would be consistent with other trends in the domain. Finally, the paper considers the impact of Stuxnet on cyber-defense.
Keywords: cyber-attack; cyber-security; cyber-warfare; industrial control systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

Denning, D.E. Stuxnet: What Has Changed? Future Internet 2012, 4, 672-687.

AMA Style

Denning DE. Stuxnet: What Has Changed? Future Internet. 2012; 4(3):672-687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denning, Dorothy E. 2012. "Stuxnet: What Has Changed?" Future Internet 4, no. 3: 672-687.

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