http://www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet Latest open access articles published in Future Internet at http://www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet/ http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/83/ The rise of mobile phones and social media may come to be historically coupled with a growing atmosphere of dissent that is enveloping much of the globe. The Arab Spring, UK Riots, Occupy and many other protests and so-called “flash-mobs” are all massive gatherings of digitally-connected individuals in physical space; and they have recently become the new normal. The primary role of technology in producing this atmosphere has, in part, been to effectively link the on and the offline. The trend to view these as separate spaces, what I call “digital dualism”, is faulty. Instead, I argue that the digital and physical enmesh to form an “augmented reality”. Linking the power of the digital–creating and disseminating networked information–with the power of the physical–occupying geographic space with flesh-and-blood bodies–is an important part of why we have this current flammable atmosphere of augmented revolution. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/83/ Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2012-01-23 4 1 Essay 83 91 1999-5903 When Atoms Meet Bits: Social Media, the Mobile Web and Augmented Revolution 2012-01-23 doi: 10.3390/fi4010083 Nathan Jurgenson http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/65/ Urban planning has a considerable impact on the economic performance of cities and on the quality of life of their populations. Efficiency at this level has been hampered by the lack of integrated tools to adequately describe urban space in order to formulate appropriate design solutions. This paper describes an ontology called LBCS-OWL2 specifically developed to overcome this flaw, based on the Land Based Classification Standards (LBCS), a comprehensive and detailed land use standard to describe the different dimensions of urban space. The goal is to provide semantic and computer-readable land use descriptions of geo-referenced spatial data. This will help to make programming strategies available to those involved in the urban development process. There are several advantages to transferring a land use standard to an OWL2 land use ontology: it is modular, it can be shared and reused, it can be extended and data consistency maintained, and it is ready for integration, thereby supporting the interoperability of different urban planning applications. This standard is used as a basic structure for the “City Information Modelling” (CIM) model developed within a larger research project called City Induction, which aims to develop a tool for urban planning and design. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/65/ Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2012-01-06 4 1 Article 65 82 1999-5903 A Land Use Planning Ontology: LBCS 2012-01-06 doi: 10.3390/fi4010065 Nuno Montenegro Jorge C. Gomes Paulo Urbano José P. Duarte http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/42/ In response to disparate advances in delivering spatial information to support agricultural extension activities, the Extension Activity Support System (EASY) project was established to develop a vision statement and conceptual design for such a system based on a national needs assessment. Personnel from across Australia were consulted and a review of existing farm information/management software undertaken to ensure that any system that is eventually produced from the EASY vision will build on the strengths of existing efforts. This paper reports on the collaborative consultative process undertaken to create the EASY vision as well as the conceptual technical design and business models that could support a fully functional spatially enabled online system. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/42/ Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2012-01-04 4 1 Article 42 64 1999-5903 Extension Activity Support System (EASY): A Web-Based Prototype for Facilitating Farm Management 2012-01-04 doi: 10.3390/fi4010042 Kim Lowell Lindsay Smith Ian Miller Christopher Pettit Eloise Seymour http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/22/ It is vital to understand what kind of processes for learning that Geovisual Analytics creates, as certain activities and conditions are produced when employing Geovisual Anlytic tools in education. To understand learning processes created by Geovisual Analytics, first requires an understanding of the interactions between the technology, the workplace where the learning takes place, and learners’ specific knowledge formation. When studying these types of interaction it demands a most critical consideration from theoretical perspectives on research design and methods. This paper first discusses common, and then a more uncommon, theoretical approach used within the fields of learning with multimedia environments and Geovisual Analytics, the socio-cultural theoretical perspective. The paper next advocates this constructivist theoretical and empirical perspective when studying learning with multiple representational Geovisual Analytic tools. To illustrate, an outline of a study made within this theoretical tradition is offered. The study is conducted in an educational setting where the Open Statistics eXplorer platform is used. Discussion of our study results shows that the socio-cultural perspective has much to offer in terms of what kind of understanding can be reached in conducting this kind of studies. Therefore, we argue that empirical research to analyze how specific communities use various Geovisual Analytics to evaluate information is best positioned in a socio-cultural theoretical perspective. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/22/ Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-30 4 1 Article 22 41 1999-5903 How Can We Study Learning with Geovisual Analytics Applied to Statistics? 2011-12-30 doi: 10.3390/fi4010022 Linnea Stenliden Mikael Jern http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/1/ The OpenStreetMap (OSM) project is a prime example in the field of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Worldwide, several hundred thousand people are currently contributing information to the “free” geodatabase. However, the data contributions show a geographically heterogeneous pattern around the globe. Germany counts as one of the most active countries in OSM; thus, the German street network has undergone an extensive development in recent years. The question that remains is this: How does the street network perform in a relative comparison with a commercial dataset? By means of a variety of studies, we show that the difference between the OSM street network for car navigation in Germany and a comparable proprietary dataset was only 9% in June 2011. The results of our analysis regarding the entire street network showed that OSM even exceeds the information provided by the proprietary dataset by 27%. Further analyses show on what scale errors can be reckoned with in the topology of the street network, and the completeness of turn restrictions and street name information. In addition to the analyses conducted over the past few years, projections have additionally been made about the point in time by which the OSM dataset for Germany can be considered “complete” in relative comparison to a commercial dataset. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/4/1/1/ Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-29 4 1 Article 1 21 1999-5903 The Street Network Evolution of Crowdsourced Maps: OpenStreetMap in Germany 2007–2011 2011-12-29 doi: 10.3390/fi4010001 Pascal Neis Dennis Zielstra Alexander Zipf http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/379/ In this paper we provide a critical overview of the state of the art in human-centric intelligent data management approaches for geographic visualizations when we are faced with bandwidth limitations. These limitations often force us to rethink how we design displays for geographic visualizations. We need ways to reduce the amount of data to be visualized and transmitted. This is partly because modern instruments effortlessly produce large volumes of data and Web 2.0 further allows bottom-up creation of rich and diverse content. Therefore, the amount of information we have today for creating useful and usable cartographic products is higher than ever before. However, how much of it can we really use online? To answer this question, we first calculate the bandwidth needs for geographic data sets in terms of waiting times. The calculations are based on various data volumes estimated by scholars for different scenarios. Documenting the waiting times clearly demonstrates the magnitude of the problem. Following this, we summarize the current hardware and software solutions, then the current human-centric design approaches trying to address the constraints such as various screen sizes and information overload. We also discuss a limited set of social issues touching upon the digital divide and its implications. We hope that our systematic documentation and critical review will help researchers and practitioners in the field to better understand the current state of the art. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/379/ Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-20 3 4 Review 379 396 1999-5903 High Quality Geographic Services and Bandwidth Limitations 2011-12-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040379 Arzu Coltekin Tumasch Reichenbacher http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/362/ Following a discussion on the semantics of the term “ontology”, this paper discusses some key points concerning the ontology of the Strategic Environmental Assessment procedure applied to city Masterplans, using sustainability as a reference point. It also assumes the implementation of Guidelines of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia as an experimental context, with the objective of proposing the SEA ontology as an important contribution to improve SEA’s effectiveness. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/362/ Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-20 3 4 Article 362 378 1999-5903 An Ontology of the Strategic Environmental Assessment of City Masterplans 2011-12-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040362 Sabrina Lai Corrado Zoppi http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/344/ Sharing data across diverse thematic disciplines is only the next step in a series of hard-fought efforts to ensure barrier-free data availability. The Plan4all project is one such effort, focusing on the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial planning data as based on the INSPIRE protocols. The aims are to support holistic planning and the development of a European network of public and private actors as well as Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Plan4all and INSPIRE standards enable planners to publish and share spatial planning data. The Malta case tackled the wider scenario for sharing of data, through the investigation of the availability, transformation and dissemination of data using geoportals. The study is brought to the fore with an analysis of the approaches taken to ensure that data in the physical and social domains are harmonised in an internationally-established process. Through an analysis of the criminological theme, the Plan4all process is integrated with the social and land use themes as identified in the CRISOLA model. The process serves as a basis for the need to view sharing as one part of the datacycle rather than an end in itself: without a solid protocol the foundations have been laid for the implementation of the datasets in the social and crime domains. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/344/ Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-20 3 4 Article 344 361 1999-5903 Sharing Integrated Spatial and Thematic Data: The CRISOLA Case for Malta and the European Project Plan4all Process 2011-12-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040344 Saviour Formosa Vincent Magri Julia Neuschmid Manfred Schrenk http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/319/ Using landscape objects with geo-visualisation tools to create 3D virtual environments is becoming one of the most prominent communication techniques to understand landscape form, function and processes. Geo-visualisation tools can also provide useful participatory planning support systems to explore current and future environmental issues such as biodiversity loss, crop failure, competing pressures on water availability and land degradation. These issues can be addressed by understanding them in the context of their locality. In this paper we discuss some of the technologies which facilitate our work on the issues of sustainability and productivity, and ultimately support for planning and decision-making. We demonstrate an online Landscape Object Library application with a suite of geo-visualisation tools to support landscape planning. This suite includes: a GIS based Landscape Constructor tool, a modified version of a 3D game engine SIEVE (Spatial Information Exploration and Visualisation Environment) and an interactive touch table display. By integrating the Landscape Object Library with this suite of geo-visualisation tools, we believe we developed a tool that can support a diversity of landscape planning activities. This is illustrated by trial case studies in biolink design, whole farm planning and renewable energy planning. We conclude the paper with an evaluation of our Landscape Object Library and the suite of geographical tools, and outline some further research directions. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/319/ Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-20 3 4 Article 319 343 1999-5903 An Online Landscape Object Library to Support Interactive Landscape Planning 2011-12-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040319 Subhash Sharma Christopher Pettit Ian Bishop Pang Chan Falak Sheth http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/298/ The advances in sensor network, linked data, and service-oriented computing has indicated a trend of information technology, i.e., toward an open, flexible, and distributed architecture. However, the existing information technologies show a lack of effective sharing, aggregation, and cooperation services to handle the sensors, data, and processing resources to fulfill user’s complicated tasks in near real-time. This paper presents a service-orientated architecture for proactive geospatial information services (PGIS), which integrates the sensors, data, processing, and human services. PGIS is designed to organize, aggregate, and co-operate services by composing small scale services into service chains to meet the complicated user requirements. It is a platform to provide real-time or near real-time data collection, storage, and processing capabilities. It is a flexible, reusable, and scalable system to share and interoperate geospatial data, information, and services. The developed PGIS framework has been implemented and preliminary experiments have been performed to verify its performance. The results show that the basic functions such as task analysis, managing sensors for data acquisition, service composition, service chain construction and execution are validated, and the important properties of PGIS, including interoperability, flexibility, and reusability, are achieved. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/298/ Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-19 3 4 Article 298 318 1999-5903 A Service-Oriented Architecture for Proactive Geospatial Information Services 2011-12-19 doi: 10.3390/fi3040298 Haifeng Li Bo Wu http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/281/ Test Driven Development (TDD) is a critical agile software development practice that supports innovation in short development cycles. However, TDD is one of the most challenging agile practices to adopt because it requires changes to work practices and skill sets. It is therefore important to gain an understanding of TDD through the experiences of those who have successfully adopted this practice. We collaborated with an agile team to provide this experience report on their adoption of TDD, using observations and interviews within the product development environment. This article highlights a number of practices that underlie successful development with TDD. To provide a theoretical perspective that can help to explain how TDD supports a positive philosophy of software development, we have revised Northover et al.’s conceptual framework, which is based on a four stage model of agile development, to reinterpret Popper’s theory of conjecture and falsification in the context of agile testing strategies. As a result of our findings, we propose an analytical model for TDD in agile software development which provides a theoretical basis for further investigations into the role of TDD and related practices. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/281/ Wed, 14 Dec 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-12-14 3 4 Article 281 297 1999-5903 Test Driven Development: Advancing Knowledge by Conjecture and Confirmation 2011-12-14 doi: 10.3390/fi3040281 David Parsons Ramesh Lal Manfred Lange http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/248/ Since 1997, the Victorian Resources Online (VRO) website (http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/vro) has been a key means for the dissemination of landscape-based natural resources information via the internet in Victoria, Australia. The website currently consists of approximately 11,000 web pages, including 1900 maps and 1000 downloadable documents. Information is provided at a range of scales—from statewide and regional overviews to more detailed catchment and sub-catchment levels. At all these levels of generalisation, information is arranged in an organisationally agnostic way around key knowledge “domains” (e.g., soil, landform, water). VRO represents a useful model for the effective dissemination of a wide range of natural resources information; relying on partnerships with key subject matter experts and data custodians, including a “knowledge network” of retired land resource assessment specialists. In this paper, case studies are presented that illustrate various approaches to information and knowledge management with a focus on presentation of spatially contexted soil and landscape information at different levels of generalisation. Examples are provided of adapting site-based information into clickable maps that reveal site-specific details, as well as “spatialising” data from specialist internal databases to improve accessibility to a wider audience. Legacy information sources have also been consolidated and spatially referenced. More recent incorporation of interactive visualisation products (such as landscape panoramas, videos and animations) is providing interactive rich media content. Currently the site attracts an average of 1190 user visits per day and user evaluation has indicated a wide range of users, including students, teachers, consultants, researchers and extension staff. The wide range of uses for information and, in particular, the benefits for natural resource education, research and extension has also been identified. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/248/ Wed, 09 Nov 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-11-09 3 4 Article 248 280 1999-5903 Natural Resource Knowledge and Information Management via the Victorian Resources Online Website 2011-11-09 doi: 10.3390/fi3040248 Mark Imhof Matthew Cox Angela Fadersen Wayne Harvey Sonia Thompson David Rees Christopher Pettit http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/228/ The research project “Grassroots GIS” focuses on the development of low-cost mapping and publishing methods for slums and slum-upgrading projects in Manila. In this project smartphones, collaborative mapping and 3D visualization applications are systematically employed to support landscape architectural analysis and design work in the context of urban poverty and urban informal settlements. In this paper we focus on the description of the developed methods and present preliminary results of this work-in-progress. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/228/ Thu, 20 Oct 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-10-20 3 4 Article 228 247 1999-5903 Low-Cost Mapping and Publishing Methods for Landscape Architectural Analysis and Design in Slum-Upgrading Projects 2011-10-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040228 Philip Paar Jörg Rekittke http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/204/ Virtual globes, i.e., geobrowsers that integrate multi-scale and temporal data from various sources and are based on a globe metaphor, have developed into serious tools that practitioners and various stakeholders in landscape and community planning have started using. Although these tools originate from Geographic Information Systems (GIS), they have become a different, potentially interactive and public tool set, with their own specific limitations and new opportunities. Expectations regarding their utility as planning and community engagement tools are high, but are tempered by both technical limitations and ethical issues [1,2]. Two grassroots campaigns and a collaborative visioning process, the Kimberley Climate Adaptation Project case study (British Columbia), illustrate and broaden our understanding of the potential benefits and limitations associated with the use of virtual globes in participatory planning initiatives. Based on observations, questionnaires and in-depth interviews with stakeholders and community members using an interactive 3D model of regional climate change vulnerabilities, potential impacts, and possible adaptation and mitigation scenarios in Kimberley, the benefits and limitations of virtual globes as a tool for participatory landscape planning are discussed. The findings suggest that virtual globes can facilitate access to geospatial information, raise awareness, and provide a more representative virtual landscape than static visualizations. However, landscape is not equally representative at all scales, and not all types of users seem to benefit equally from the tool. The risks of misinterpretation can be managed by integrating the application and interpretation of virtual globes into face-to-face planning processes. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/4/204/ Thu, 20 Oct 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-10-20 3 4 Article 204 227 1999-5903 Tool or Toy? Virtual Globes in Landscape Planning 2011-10-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3040204 Olaf Schroth Ellen Pond Cam Campbell Petr Cizek Stephen Bohus Stephen R. J. Sheppard http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/3/185/ This study assesses differences within the African American population with respect to internet activity. Using survey data, we find wide variations within the population. While some segments of African Americans are indeed less likely to perform certain activities on the internet, we note that certain segments of the African American population are reporting more internet activity than other racial groups. These ‘haves’ score high not just in comparison to their African American peers, but to the US American population as a whole. We suggest a move away from the digital divide/digital inequality models and a move towards thinking of greater or lesser Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage as conditioned by the instrumental needs of population groups. We term this a digital practice model. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/3/185/ Wed, 20 Jul 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-07-20 3 3 Article 185 203 1999-5903 Internet as Digital Practice: Examining Differences in African American Internet Usage 2011-07-20 doi: 10.3390/fi3030185 Roderick Graham Danielle Taana Smith http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/3/175/ This paper presents a case study of the design issues facing a large multi-format virtual conference. The conference took place twice in two different years, each time using an avatar-based 3D world with spatialized audio including keynote, poster and social sessions. Between year 1 and 2, major adjustments were made to the architecture and design of the space, leading to improvement in the nature of interaction between the participants. While virtual meetings will likely never supplant the effectiveness of face-to-face meetings, this paper seeks to outline a few design principles learned from this experience, which can be applied generally to make computer mediated collaboration more effective. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/3/175/ Wed, 06 Jul 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-07-06 3 3 Article 175 184 1999-5903 Architecture and Design for Virtual Conferences: A Case Study 2011-07-06 doi: 10.3390/fi3030175 Andrew Sempere http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/159/ Usually, test automation scripts for a web application directly mirror the actions that the tester carries out in the browser, but they tend to be verbose and repetitive, making them expensive to maintain and ineffective in an agile setting. Our research has focussed on providing tool-support for business-level, example-based specifications that are mapped to the browser level for automatic verification. We provide refactoring support for the evolution of existing browser-level tests into business-level specifications. As resulting business rule tables may be incomplete, redundant or contradictory, our tool provides feedback on coverage. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/159/ Fri, 03 Jun 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-06-03 3 2 Article 159 174 1999-5903 Evolving Web-Based Test Automation into Agile Business Specifications 2011-06-03 doi: 10.3390/fi3020159 Rick Mugridge Mark Utting David Streader http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/144/ In 2009, just 27% of American teens with mobile phones reported using their devices to access the internet. However, teens from lower income families and minority teens were significantly more likely to use their phones to go online. Together, these surprising trends suggest a potential narrowing of the digital divide, offering internet access to those without other means of going online. This is an important move, as, in today’s society, internet access is central to active citizenship in general and teen citizenship in particular. Yet the cost of this move toward equal access is absorbed by those who can least afford it: Teenagers from low income households. Using survey and focus group data from a national study of “Teens and Mobile Phone Use” (released by Pew and the University of Michigan in 2010), this article helps identify and explain this and other emergent trends for teen use (as well as non-use) of the internet through mobile phones. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/144/ Fri, 13 May 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-05-13 3 2 Article 144 158 1999-5903 Mobile Phones Bridging the Digital Divide for Teens in the US? 2011-05-13 doi: 10.3390/fi3020144 Katie Brown Scott W. Campbell Rich Ling http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/130/ A population register is an inventory of residents within a country, with their characteristics (date of birth, sex, marital status, etc.) and other socio-economic data, such as occupation or education. However, data on population are also stored in numerous other public registers such as tax, land, building and housing, military, foreigners, vehicles, etc. Altogether they contain vast amounts of personal and sensitive information. Access to public information is granted by law in many countries, but this transparency is generally subject to tensions with data protection laws. This paper proposes a framework to analyze data access (or protection) requirements, as well as a model of metadata for data exchange. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/130/ Mon, 18 Apr 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-04-18 3 2 Article 130 143 1999-5903 Metadata For Identity Management of Population Registers 2011-04-18 doi: 10.3390/fi3020130 Olivier Glassey http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/117/ As a member of the Annex 1 countries to the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Japan is committed to reducing 6% of the greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve this commitment, Japan has undertaken several major mitigation measures, one of which is the domestic measure that includes ecologically friendly lifestyle programs, utilizing natural energy, participating in local environmental activities, and amending environmental laws. Mitigation policies could be achieved if public responses were strong. As the internet has increasingly become an online platform for sharing environmental information, public responses to the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions may be assessed using available online tools. We used Google Insights for Search, Google AdWords Keyword Tool, and Google Timeline View to assess public responses in Japan based on the interest shown for five search terms that define global climate change and its mitigation policies. Data on online search interests from January 04, 2004 to July 18, 2010 were analyzed according to locations and categories. Our study suggests that the search interests for the five chosen search terms dramatically increased, especially when new mitigation policies were introduced or when climate change related events were organized. Such a rapid increase indicates that the Japanese public strongly responds to climate change mitigation policies. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/117/ Fri, 01 Apr 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-04-01 3 2 Article 117 129 1999-5903 Using Online Tools to Assess Public Responses to Climate Change Mitigation Policies in Japan 2011-04-01 doi: 10.3390/fi3020117 Sengtha Chay Nophea Sasaki http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/87/ Multimedia streaming means delivering continuous data to a plethora of client devices. Besides the actual data transport, this also needs a high degree of content adaptation respecting the end users’ needs given by content preferences, transcoding constraints, and device capabilities. Such adaptations can be performed in many ways, usually on the media server. However, when it comes to content editing, like mixing in subtitles or picture-in-picture composition, relying on third party service providers may be necessary. For economic reasons this should be done in a service-oriented way, because a lot of adaptation modules can be reused within different adaptation workflows. Although service-oriented architectures have become widely accepted in the Web community, the multimedia environment is still dominated by monolithic systems. The main reason is the insufficient support for working with continuous data: generally the suitability of Web services for handling complex data types and state-full applications is still limited. In this paper we discuss extensions of Web service frameworks, and present a first implementation of a service-oriented framework for media streaming and digital item adaptation. The focus lies on the technical realization of the services. Our experimental results show the practicality of the actual deployment of service-oriented multimedia frameworks. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/2/87/ Fri, 01 Apr 2011 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2011-04-01 3 2 Article 87 116 1999-5903 A Service Oriented Architecture for Personalized Universal Media Access 2011-04-01 doi: 10.3390/fi3020087 Sascha Tönnies Benjamin Köhncke Patrick Hennig Ingo Brunkhorst Wolf-Tilo Balke http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/67/ This article presents a comparison of main characteristics of the Next Generation Networks (NGN) and Future Generation Internet (FGI). The aim is to discuss and compare two approaches to Future Networks (FN) and services: the evolution of NGN, and the revolutionary approach of a new FGI. We present both frameworks from the services point of view as they are delivered to the end-user, as well as from the architectural point of view. We compare selected properties of both approaches to explain commonalities and differences. Their challenges are similar: managing the quality of experience, mobility, security, scalability and providing openness to applications. Based on this comparison, we evaluate possible areas for future convergence in the approach of the two architectures to the Future Network concept. Our analysis shows that despite their different backgrounds, the internet’s FGI and telco’s NGN are not that different after all. The convergence of the two approaches therefore seems the only logical way forward. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/67/ Fri, 04 Mar 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-03-04 3 1 Article 67 86 1999-5903 Evolution of the Converged NGN Service Platforms Towards Future Networks 2011-03-04 doi: 10.3390/fi3010067 Eugen Mikóczy Ivan Kotuliak Oskar van Deventer http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/49/ Enterprises are now connected internally and externally to other Enterprises via the Internet in ways that are increasingly difficult to manage, especially as these interconnections become more dynamic. Current methods of coordinating the effects of change as they propagate through these networks of connections are not likely to scale. What is needed is a new paradigm for how the Internet supports such coordination. Indeed, the Internet should and could provide fundamental coordination functions that are missing today. In this paper, we describe how such a “Coordinated Internet” would work (this paper is an expanded version of [1]). The key functionality of a Coordinated Internet would be that the Internet actively watches what people do (analogous to search completion on desktops today), correlates these activities, and actively notifies people when and how their current tasks affect and are affected by the activities of other people. This would be accomplished by standard coordination functions implemented as a common Internet layer that can be used as a utility by more specialized applications. Such a Coordinated Internet would revolutionize enterprise management, for all enterprises, large and small, corporate and personal. For example, static workflows would become obsolete for all but the the most routine processes. Some solutions provide existence proofs of such a coordination substrate, such as the Redux solution in concurrent engineering, which we describe herein. However, foundational research remains to be done in the new field of Coordination Engineering in order to reach the goal of a future Internet in which coordination functions are fundamental. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/49/ Thu, 17 Feb 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-02-17 3 1 Article 49 66 1999-5903 Enterprise Coordination on the Internet 2011-02-17 doi: 10.3390/fi3010049 Charles Petrie http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/31/ Networks are evolving toward a ubiquitous model in which heterogeneous devices are interconnected. Cryptographic algorithms are required for developing security solutions that protect network activity. However, the computational and energy limitations of network devices jeopardize the actual implementation of such mechanisms. In this paper, we perform a wide analysis on the expenses of launching symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, hash chain functions, elliptic curves cryptography and pairing based cryptography on personal agendas, and compare them with the costs of basic operating system functions. Results show that although cryptographic power costs are high and such operations shall be restricted in time, they are not the main limiting factor of the autonomy of a device. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/31/ Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-02-14 3 1 Article 31 48 1999-5903 Computational and Energy Costs of Cryptographic Algorithms on Handheld Devices 2011-02-14 doi: 10.3390/fi3010031 Helena Rifà-Pous Jordi Herrera-Joancomartí http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/14/ In this article, a security extension for the HiiMap Next Generation Internet Architecture is presented. We regard a public key infrastructure which is integrated into the mapping infrastructure of the locator/identifier-split addressing scheme. The security approach is based on Threshold Cryptography which enables a sharing of keys among the mapping servers. Hence, a more trustworthy and fair approach for a Next Generation Internet Architecture as compared to the state of the art approach is fostered. Additionally, we give an evaluation based on IETF AAA recommendations for security-related systems. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/14/ Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-02-01 3 1 Article 14 30 1999-5903 A Distributed Public Key Infrastructure Based on Threshold Cryptography for the HiiMap Next Generation Internet Architecture 2011-02-01 doi: 10.3390/fi3010014 Oliver Hanka Michael Eichhorn Martin Pfannenstein Jörg Eberspächer Eckehard Steinbach http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/1/ Security should be integrated into future networks from the beginning, not as an extension. Secure identities and authentication schemes are an important step to fulfill this quest. In this article, we argue that home networks are a natural trust anchor for such schemes. We describe our concept of home networks as a universal point of reference for authentication, trust and access control, and show that our scheme can be applied to any next generation network. As home networks are no safe place, we apply Trusted Computing technology to prevent the abuse of identities, i.e., identity theft. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/3/1/1/ Fri, 07 Jan 2011 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2011-01-07 3 1 Article 1 13 1999-5903 On Using TPM for Secure Identities in Future Home Networks 2011-01-07 doi: 10.3390/fi3010001 Holger Kinkelin Ralph Holz Heiko Niedermayer Simon Mittelberger Georg Carle http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/662/ Service platforms using text-based protocols need to be protected against attacks. Machine-learning algorithms with pattern matching can be used to detect even previously unknown attacks. In this paper, we present an extension to known Support Vector Machine (SVM) based anomaly detection algorithms for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Our contribution is to extend the amount of different features used for classification (feature space) by exploiting the structure of SIP messages, which reduces the false positive rate. Additionally, we show how combining our approach with attribute reduction significantly improves throughput. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/662/ Tue, 21 Dec 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-12-21 2 4 Article 662 669 1999-5903 Improving Anomaly Detection for Text-Based Protocols by Exploiting Message Structures 2010-12-21 doi: 10.3390/fi2040662 Martin Güthle Jochen Kögel Stefan Wahl Matthias Kaschub Christian M. Mueller http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/645/ Scientific writing is an essential part of a student’s and researcher’s everyday life. In this paper we investigate the particularities of scientific writing and explore the features and limitations of existing tools for scientific writing. Deriving from this analysis and an online survey of the scientific writing processes of students and researchers at the University of Paderborn, we identify key principles to simplify scientific writing and reviewing. Finally, we introduce a novel approach to support scientific writing with a tool called SciFlow that builds on these principles and state of the art technologies like cloud computing. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/645/ Mon, 06 Dec 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-12-06 2 4 Article 645 661 1999-5903 Simplifying the Scientific Writing and Review Process with SciFlow 2010-12-06 doi: 10.3390/fi2040645 Frederik Eichler Wolfgang Reinhardt http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/635/ CWM Global Search is a meta-search engine allowing chemists and biologists to search the major chemical and biological databases on the Internet, by structure, synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers and free text. A meta-search engine is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source [1]. CWM Global Search is a web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop applications (also known as Rich Internet Application, RIA), and it runs on both Windows and Macintosh platforms. The application is one of the first RIA for scientists. The application can be started using the URL http://cwmglobalsearch.com/gsweb. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/635/ Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-12-03 2 4 Article 635 644 1999-5903 CWM Global Search—The Internet Search Engine for Chemists and Biologists 2010-12-03 doi: 10.3390/fi2040635 Alexander Kos Hans-Jürgen Himmler http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/624/ Predicting current and potential species distributions and abundance is critical for managing invasive species, preserving threatened and endangered species, and conserving native species and habitats. Accurate predictive models are needed at local, regional, and national scales to guide field surveys, improve monitoring, and set priorities for conservation and restoration. Modeling capabilities, however, are often limited by access to software and environmental data required for predictions. To address these needs, we built a comprehensive web-based system that: (1) maintains a large database of field data; (2) provides access to field data and a wealth of environmental data; (3) accesses values in rasters representing environmental characteristics; (4) runs statistical spatial models; and (5) creates maps that predict the potential species distribution. The system is available online at www.niiss.org, and provides web-based tools for stakeholders to create potential species distribution models and maps under current and future climate scenarios. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/624/ Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-11-11 2 4 Article 624 634 1999-5903 Bringing Modeling to the Masses: A Web Based System to Predict Potential Species Distributions 2010-11-11 doi: 10.3390/fi2040624 Jim Graham Greg Newman Sunil Kumar Catherine Jarnevich Nick Young Alycia Crall Thomas J. Stohlgren Paul Evangelista http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/603/ The success of the Content Delivery Networks (CDN) in the recent years has demonstrated the increased benefits of the deployment of some form of “intelligence” within the network. Cloud computing, on the other hand, has shown the benefits of economies of scale and the use of a generic infrastructure to support a variety of services. Following that trend, we propose to move away from the smart terminal-dumb network dichotomy to a model where some degree of intelligence is put back into the network, specifically at the edge, with the support of Cloud technology. In this paper, we propose the deployment of an Edge Cloud, which integrates a variety of user-side and server-side services. On the user side, surrogate, an application running on top of the Cloud, supports a virtual client. The surrogate hides the underlying network infrastructure from the user, thus allowing for simpler, more easily managed terminals. Network side services supporting delivery of and exploiting content are also deployed on this infrastructure, giving the Internet Service Providers (ISP) many opportunities to become directly involved in content and service delivery. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/603/ Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-11-05 2 4 Article 603 623 1999-5903 Network Edge Intelligence for the Emerging Next-Generation Internet 2010-11-05 doi: 10.3390/fi2040603 Salekul Islam Jean-Charles Grégoire http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/587/ With the increasing availability of Internet type services on mobile devices and the attractive flat rate all-you-can-eat billing system, cellular telecommunication networks are experiencing a tremendous growth in data usage demand. However, there are increasing concerns that current network deployment trends (including more efficient radio access techniques and increased spectrum allocation strategies), will be unable to support the increased Internet traffic in a sustainable way. The delay tolerant nature of mobile Internet traffic allows for a large degree of flexibility in optimizing network performance to meet different design objectives and it’s a feature that has mostly gone unexplored by the research community. In this paper, we introduce a novel message forwarding mechanism in cellular networks that benefits from the inherent delay tolerance of Internet type services to provide flexible and adjustable forwarding strategies for efficient network operation while guaranteeing timely deliveries. By capitalizing on the elasticity of message delivery deadlines and the actual mobility of nodes inside the cell, considerable performance gains can be achieved by physically propagating information messages within the network. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/587/ Thu, 04 Nov 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-11-04 2 4 Article 587 602 1999-5903 Look-Ahead Strategies Based on Store-Carry and Forward Relaying for Energy Efficient Cellular Communications 2010-11-04 doi: 10.3390/fi2040587 Panayiotis Kolios Vasilis Friderikos Katerina Papadaki http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/559/ Optical burst switching provides a feasible paradigm for the next IP over optical backbones. However its burst loss performance can be highly affected by burst contention. In this paper we discuss traffic engineering approaches for path selection with the objective tominimize contention using only topological information. The discussed strategies are based on balancing the traffic across the network in order to reduce congestion without incurring into link state protocol penalties. The routing strategies are evaluated by simulation on an optical burst switching model specifically developed for the purpose with OMNeT++. Results show that our strategies outperform the traditionally used shortest path routing to an extent that depends on the network connectivity. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/559/ Fri, 22 Oct 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-10-22 2 4 Article 559 586 1999-5903 An Intrinsic TE Approach for End-to-End QoS Provisioning in OBS Networks Using Static Load-Balanced Routing Strategies 2010-10-22 doi: 10.3390/fi2040559 Alvaro L. Barradas Maria do Carmo R. Medeiros http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/533/ Web Search Engines provide a huge number of answers in response to a user query, many of which are not relevant, whereas some of the most relevant ones may not be found. In the literature several approaches have been proposed in order to help a user to find the information relevant to his/her real needs on the Web. To achieve this goal the individual Information Behavior can been analyzed to ’keep’ track of the user’s interests. Keeping information is a type of Information Behavior, and in several works researchers have referred to it as the study on what people do during a search on the Web. Generally, the user’s actions (e.g., how the user moves from one Web page to another, or her/his download of a document, etc.) are recorded in Web logs. This paper reports on research activities which aim to exploit the information extracted from Web logs (or query logs) in personalized user ontologies, with the objective to support the user in the process of discovering Web information relevant to her/his information needs. Personalized ontologies are used to improve the quality of Web search by applying two main techniques: query reformulation and re-ranking of query evaluation results. In this paper we analyze various methodologies presented in the literature aimed at using personalized ontologies, defined on the basis of the observation of Information Behaviour to help the user in finding relevant information. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/533/ Mon, 18 Oct 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-10-18 2 4 Article 533 558 1999-5903 Ontology-Based Information Behaviour to Improve Web Search 2010-10-18 doi: 10.3390/fi2040533 Silvia Calegari Gabriella Pasi http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/505/ Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks share central characteristics such as their distributed and decentralized nature. Combining both networking paradigms results in a Mobile Peer-to-Peer (MP2P) system that operates independently from a preexisting infrastructure. Securing MP2P networks in terms of availability and robustness as basic demands in envisioned application scenarios like first responder operations is a challenging task. In this article, we present a survey of selected threats and of state of the art countermeasures for MANETs and P2P networks. Further, we discuss the efficiency of MANET and P2P security mechanisms when applied in MP2P networks. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/505/ Wed, 13 Oct 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-10-13 2 4 Article 505 532 1999-5903 A Survey on Security in Mobile Peer-to-Peer Architectures—Overlay-Based vs. Underlay-Based Approaches 2010-10-13 doi: 10.3390/fi2040505 Christian Gottron André König Ralf Steinmetz http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/469/ In wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is mainly achieved by making nodes sleep. In this paper, we present the combination of SERENA, a new node activity scheduling algorithm based on node coloring, with TDMA/CA, a collision avoidance MAC protocol. We show that the  combination of these two protocols enables substantial bandwidth and energy benefits for both general and data gathering applications. As a first contribution, we prove that the three-hop node coloring problem is NP-complete. As a second contribution, the overhead induced by SERENA during network coloring is reduced, making possible the use of these protocols even in dense networks with limited bandwidth. The third contribution of this paper is to show that applying any slot assignment algorithmwith spatial reuse based on node neighborhood without taking into account link quality can lead to poor performances because of collisions. The use of good quality links will prevent this phenomenon. The fourth contribution consists of optimizing end-to-end delays for data gathering applications, by means of cross-layering with the application. However, color conflicts resulting from topology changes, mobility and late node arrivals can give rise to collisions. As a fifth contribution, we show how the MAC layer can detect color conflicts, and cope with them at the cost of a slightly reduced throughput. Then, we discuss the tradeoffbetween requesting SERENA to solve the color conflicts and dealing with them at the MAC layer, our third contribution. The combination of SERENA and TDMA/CA is evaluated through simulations on realistic topologies. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/469/ Wed, 13 Oct 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-10-13 2 4 Article 469 504 1999-5903 Node Coloring and Color Conflict Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks 2010-10-13 doi: 10.3390/fi2040469 Saoucene Mahfoudh Gerard Chalhoub Pascale Minet Michel Misson Ichrak Amdouni http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/446/ Deficit Round Robin (DRR) is a fair packet-based scheduling discipline commonly used in wired networks where link capacities do not change with time. However, in wireless networks, especially wireless broadband networks, i.e., IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX, there are two main considerations violate the packet-based service concept for DRR. First, the resources are allocated per Mobile WiMAX frame. To achieve full frame utilization, Mobile WiMAX allows packets to be fragmented. Second, due to a high variation in wireless channel conditions, the link/channel capacity can change over time and location. Therefore, we introduce a Deficit Round Robin with Fragmentation (DRRF) to allocate resources per Mobile WiMAX frame in a fair manner by allowing for varying link capacity and for transmitting fragmented packets. Similar to DRR and Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS), DRRF achieves perfect fairness. DRRF results in a higher throughput than DRR (80% improvement) while causing less overhead than GPS (8 times less than GPS). In addition, in Mobile WiMAX, the quality of service (QoS) offered by service providers is associated with the price paid. This is similar to a cellular phone system; the users may be required to pay air-time charges. Hence, we have also formalized a Generalized Weighted Fairness (GWF) criterion which equalizes a weighted sum of service time units or slots, called temporal fairness, and transmitted bytes, called throughput fairness, for customers who are located in a poor channel condition or at a further distance versus for those who are near the base stations, or have a good channel condition. We use DRRF to demonstrate the application of GWF. These fairness criteria are used to satisfy basic requirements for resource allocation, especially for non real-time traffic. Therefore, we also extend DRRF to support other QoS requirements, such as minimum reserved traffic rate, maximum sustained traffic rate, and traffic priority. For real-time traffic, i.e., video traffic, we compare the performance of DRRF with deadline enforcement to that of Earliest Deadline First (EDF). The results show that DRRF outperforms EDF (higher achievable throughput under the promised delay latency) and maintains fairness under an overload scenario. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/446/ Tue, 12 Oct 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-10-12 2 4 Article 446 468 1999-5903 Deficit Round Robin with Fragmentation Scheduling to Achieve Generalized Weighted Fairness for Resource Allocation in IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX Networks 2010-10-12 doi: 10.3390/fi2040446 Chakchai So-In Raj Jain Abdel-Karim Al Tamimi http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/431/ IPTV has become the next generation of television due, in part, to its ability to support features that have been lacking in conventional broadcasting—for example, end-user interactivity, personalisation and localisation. Providers are also searching for the most efficient delivery methods to provide the greatest amount of contents at the lowest cost. At present IPTV uses IP multicast to deliver live TV channels in an over-provisioned walled-garden network due to issues of deploying multicast and QoS challenges in the public Internet. However, IPTV is likely to shift into some parts of the public Internet in the future as a managed service. Multicast routing is performed on a per-session destination-address basis so each router maintains a table of all of the multicast addresses to which the content is being forwarded. We exploit this information to discover and join the in-progress channels of geographically proximate users and to create a new incentivised premium service in future IPTV networks called ProxyTV. This approach is expected to minimise network bandwidth requirements as it enables ISPs to optimise bandwidth on their edge networks. This becomes increasingly significant as TV content consumes more and more bandwidth, especially with the onset of HD and 3D capabilities. In this paper, we have presented in detail the concept with the results of a survey and an analysis of network traffic to justify the proposed approach. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/4/431/ Wed, 29 Sep 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-09-29 2 4 Article 431 445 1999-5903 Exploiting the In-Network Capabilities of Multicast to Discover Proximate IPTV Channels 2010-09-29 doi: 10.3390/fi2040431 Chamil Kulatunga Jesse Kielthy Dmitri Botvich William Donnelly http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/417/ Traffic in the Internet backbone is expected to grow above a few Tbit/s in 2020. To cope with this, operators are moving to IP/optical network architectures, where IP is the convergence layer for all services. On the other hand, the quality of service (QoS) requirements of future applications encompasses the individualization of services and the assurance of stricter quality parameters such as latency, jitter or capacity. In other words, future optical networks will not only transport more IP data, but they will also have to offer differentiated QoS requirements to services. Finally, some emerging applications, e.g., grid computing, need greater flexibility in the usage of network resources, which involves establishing and releasing connections as if they were virtualized resources controlled by other elements or layers. In this context, traffic-driven lightpath provisioning and service-plane approaches arise as very interesting candidate solutions to solve the main challenges described above. This work reviews the concepts of service-oriented and self-managed networks and relates them to propose an integrated approach to assure QoS by offering flow-aware networking in the sense that traffic demands will be anticipated in a suitable way, lightpaths will be established taking into account QoS information (i.e., impairments) and complex services will be decomposed into optical connections so that the above techniques can be employed to assure QoS for any service. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/417/ Tue, 21 Sep 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-09-21 2 3 Article 417 430 1999-5903 Anticipation of Traffic Demands to Guarantee QoS in IP/Optical Networks 2010-09-21 doi: 10.3390/fi2030417 Carolina Pinart http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/388/ This survey on Quality of Service (QoS) in multicast ad hoc networks uses a framework based on the mechanisms in three important elements: resource estimations, multicast tree/mesh administration, and multicast routing. Our contribution is an exploration of the design space and an identification of areas that have not been fully explored. We discuss the design space of central mechanisms and classify proposed QoS multicast schemes according to the mechanisms they used. In addition, we summarize the scenarios used for evaluating their performance. Furthermore, we identify issues, mechanisms, and scenarios that have not been fully investigated in existing works. The paper provides a coherent understanding of design principles, conceptual operation, and evaluated scenarios of schemes designed for QoS multicast application in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It also outlines new areas for future research in this field. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/388/ Tue, 14 Sep 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-09-14 2 3 Review 388 416 1999-5903 A Survey of QoS Multicast in Ad Hoc Networks 2010-09-14 doi: 10.3390/fi2030388 Viet Thi Minh Do Lars Landmark Øivind Kure http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/363/ Cooperation between networked mobile sensors, wearable and sycophant sensor networks with parasitically sticking agents, and also having human beings involved in the loop is the “Avatarization” within the robotic research community, where all networks are connected and where you can connect/disconnect at any time to acquire data from a vast unstructured world. This paper extensively surveys the networked robotic foundations of this robotic biological “Avatar” that awaits us in the future. Cooperation between networked mobile sensors as well as cooperation of nodes within a network are becoming more robust, fault tolerant and enable adaptation of the networks to changing environment conditions. In this paper, we survey and comparatively discuss the current state of networked robotics via their critical application areas and their design characteristics. We conclude by discussing future challenges. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/363/ Tue, 14 Sep 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-09-14 2 3 Review 363 387 1999-5903 Towards the Robotic “Avatar”: An Extensive Survey of the Cooperation between and within Networked Mobile Sensors 2010-09-14 doi: 10.3390/fi2030363 Sebahattin Topal İsmet Erkmen Aydan M. Erkmen http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/341/ Recent advances in the fields of digital photography, networking and computing, have made it easier than ever for users to store and share photographs. However without sufficient metadata, e.g., in the form of tags, photos are difficult to find and organize. In this paper, we describe a system that recommends tags for image annotation. We postulate that the use of low-level global visual features can improve the quality of the tag recommendation process when compared to a baseline statistical method based on tag co-occurrence. We present results from experiments conducted using photos and metadata sourced from the Flickr photo website that suggest that the use of visual features improves the mean average precision (MAP) of the system and increases the system's ability to suggest different tags, therefore justifying the associated increase in complexity. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/341/ Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-27 2 3 Article 341 362 1999-5903 Can Global Visual Features Improve Tag Recommendation for Image Annotation? 2010-08-27 doi: 10.3390/fi2030341 Mathias Lux Arthur Pitman Oge Marques http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/308/ Sensor nodes are characterized by a small size, a low cost, an advanced communication technology, but also a limited amount of energy. Energy efficient strategies are required in such networks to maximize network lifetime. In this paper, we focus on a solution integrating energy efficient routing and node activity scheduling. The energy efficient routing we propose, called EOLSR, selects the route and minimizes the energy consumed by an end-to-end transmission, while avoiding nodes with low residual energy. Simulation results show that EOLSR outperforms the solution selecting the route of minimum energy as well as the solution based on node residual energy. Cross-layering allows EOLSR to use information from the application layer or the MAC layer to reduce its overhead and increase network lifetime. Node activity scheduling is based on the following observation: the sleep state is the least power consuming state. So, to schedule node active and sleeping periods, we propose SERENA that colors all network nodes using a small number of colors, such that two nodes with the same color can transmit without interfering. The node color is mapped into a time slot during which the node can transmit. Consequently, each node is awake during its slot and the slots of its one-hop neighbors, and sleeps in the remaining time. We evaluate SERENA benefits obtained in terms of bandwidth, delay and energy. We also show how cross-layering with the application layer can improve the end-to-end delays for data gathering applications. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/308/ Tue, 17 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-17 2 3 Article 308 340 1999-5903 Energy Efficient Routing and Node Activity Scheduling in the OCARI Wireless Sensor Network 2010-08-17 doi: 10.3390/fi2030308 Saoucene Mahfoudh Pascale Minet Ichrak Amdouni http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/295/ Dynamic resource control capabilities have become increasingly important for academic networks that must support big scientific research projects at the same time as less data intensive research and educational activities. This paper describes the dynamic resource allocation and QoS control capabilities of the Japanese academic backbone network, called SINET3, which supports a variety of academic applications with a wide range of network services. The article describes the network architecture, networking technologies, resource allocation, QoS control, and layer-1 bandwidth on-demand services. It also details typical services developed for scientific research, including the user interface, resource control, and management functions, and includes performance evaluations. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/295/ Mon, 09 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-09 2 3 Article 295 307 1999-5903 Dynamic Resource Allocation and QoS Control Capabilities of the Japanese Academic Backbone Network 2010-08-09 doi: 10.3390/fi2030295 Shigeo Urushidani Kensuke Fukuda Michihiro Koibuchi Motonori Nakamura Shunji Abe Yusheng Ji Michihiro Aoki Shigeki Yamada http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/282/ One of the major issues in the future Internet is the integration of telecom networks with the Internet. In many countries, large Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are also telecom operators that have been focusing on providing Internet services through their telecom networks with telecom-grade mechanisms. In this article, we show that IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a telecom-grade mechanism that addresses this important issue. In Next Generation Network (NGN), IMS supports IP-based multimedia services that can be accessed from various wireless and wired access technologies through fixed-mobile convergence. We show how to integrate Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) with NGN/IMS to offer enhanced IPTV services for subscribers with set-top boxes or mobile phones. We specifically describe the implementations of three services: weather forecasts, short messages on TV screens and TV shopping/food ordering for mobile users. Although these services can be directly implemented in the Internet, our commercial operation experiences indicate that the NGN/IMS implementation has advantages in terms of telecom-grade security, Quality of Service (QoS), and flexible service creation. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/282/ Fri, 06 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-06 2 3 Article 282 294 1999-5903 Implementing Value Added Applications in Next Generation Networks 2010-08-06 doi: 10.3390/fi2030282 Yeh-Chin Ho Yi-Bing Lin Ren-Huang Liou Yuan-Kuang Tu http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/259/ In their web search processes users apply multiple types of search strategies, which consist of different search tactics. This paper identifies eight types of information search strategies with associated cases based on sequences of search tactics during the information search process. Thirty-one participants representing the general public were recruited for this study. Search logs and verbal protocols offered rich data for the identification of different types of search strategies. Based on the findings, the authors further discuss how to enhance web-based information retrieval (IR) systems to support each type of search strategy. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/259/ Fri, 06 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-06 2 3 Article 259 281 1999-5903 Tales from the Field: Search Strategies Applied in Web Searching 2010-08-06 doi: 10.3390/fi2030259 Iris Xie Soohyung Joo http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/238/ Semantic technologies are of paramount importance to the future Internet. The reuse and integration of semantically described resources, such as data or services, necessitates the bringing of ontologies into mutual agreement. Ontology alignment deals with the discovery of correspondences between concepts and relations from different ontologies. Alignment provides the key ingredient to semantic interoperability. This paper gives an overview on the state of the art in the field of visually supported semi-automatic alignment techniques and presents recent trends and developments. Particular attention is given to user interfaces and visualization techniques supporting involvement of humans in the alignment process. We derive and summarize requirements for visual semi-automatic alignment systems, provide an overview of existing approaches, and discuss the possibilities for further improvements and future research. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/238/ Wed, 04 Aug 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-08-04 2 3 Review 238 258 1999-5903 Ontology Alignment—A Survey with Focus on Visually Supported Semi-Automatic Techniques 2010-08-04 doi: 10.3390/fi2030238 Michael Granitzer Vedran Sabol Kow Weng Onn Dickson Lukose Klaus Tochtermann http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/212/ Recent advances in the fields of Cognitive Radio and the proliferation of open spectrum access promise that spectrum-agile wireless communication will be widespread in the near future, and will bring significant flexibility and potential utility improvements for end users. With spectrum efficiency being a key objective, most relevant research focuses on smart coexistence mechanisms. However, wireless nodes may behave selfishly and should be considered as rational autonomous entities. Selfishness, pure malice or even faulty equipment can lead to behavior that does not conform to sharing protocols and etiquette. Thus, there is a need to secure spectrum sharing mechanisms against attacks in the various phases of the sharing process. Identifying these attacks and possible countermeasures is the focus of this work. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/212/ Thu, 29 Jul 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-07-29 2 3 Review 212 237 1999-5903 Misbehavior Scenarios in Cognitive Radio Networks 2010-07-29 doi: 10.3390/fi2030212 Stamatios Arkoulis Giannis F. Marias Pantelis A. Frangoudis Jens Oberender Alexandru Popescu Markus Fiedler Hermann de Meer George C. Polyzos http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/190/ Pervasive wireless systems have significantly improved end-users’ quality of life. As manufacturing costs decrease, communications bandwidth increases, and contextual information is made more readily available, the role of next generation wireless systems in facilitating users’ daily activities will grow. Unique security and privacy issues exist in these wireless, context-aware, often decentralized systems. For example, the pervasive nature of such systems allows adversaries to launch stealthy attacks against them. In this review paper, we survey several emergent personal wireless systems and their applications. These systems include mobile social networks, active implantable medical devices, and consumer products. We explore each system’s usage of contextual information and provide insight into its security vulnerabilities. Where possible, we describe existing solutions for defendingagainst these vulnerabilities. Finally, we point out promising future research directions for improving these systems’ robustness and security http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/3/190/ Wed, 28 Jul 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-07-28 2 3 Article 190 211 1999-5903 Applications and Security of Next-Generation, User-Centric Wireless Systems 2010-07-28 doi: 10.3390/fi2030190 Jerry Rick Ramstetter Yaling Yang Danfeng Yao http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/156/ Both the IRIS-DNS System and the PORTAL-DOORS System share a common architectural style for pervasive metadata networks that operate as distributed metadata management systems with hierarchical authorities for entity registering and attribute publishing. Hierarchical control of metadata redistribution throughout the registry-directory networks constitutes an essential characteristic of this architectural style called Hierarchically Distributed Mobile Metadata (HDMM) with its focus on moving the metadata for who what where as fast as possible from servers in response to requests from clients. The novel concept of multilevel metadata about metadata has also been defined for the PORTAL-DOORS System with the use of entity, record, infoset, representation and message metadata. Other new features implemented include the use of aliases, priorities and metaresources. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/156/ Tue, 01 Jun 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-06-01 2 2 Article 156 189 1999-5903 A Distributed Infrastructure for Metadata about Metadata: The HDMM Architectural Style and PORTAL-DOORS System 2010-06-01 doi: 10.3390/fi2020156 Taswell http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/126/ A plethora of enabling optical and wireless access-metro network technologies have been emerging that can be used to build future-proof bimodal fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks. Hybrid FiWi networks aim at providing wired and wireless quad-play services over the same infrastructure simultaneously and hold great promise to mitigate the digital divide and change the way we live and work by replacing commuting with teleworking. After overviewing enabling optical and wireless network technologies and their QoS provisioning techniques, we elaborate on enabling radio-over-fiber (RoF) and radio-and-fiber (R&F) technologies. We describe and investigate new QoS provisioning techniques for future FiWi networks, ranging from traffic class mapping, scheduling, and resource management to advanced aggregation techniques, congestion control, and layer-2 path selection algorithms. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/126/ Thu, 29 Apr 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-04-29 2 2 Article 126 155 1999-5903 QoS Provisioning Techniques for Future Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Access Networks 2010-04-29 doi: 10.3390/fi2020126 Maier Ghazisaidi http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/96/ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gradually adopted in the industrial world due to their advantages over wired networks. In addition to saving cabling costs, WSNs widen the realm of environments feasible for monitoring. They thus add sensing and acting capabilities to objects in the physical world and allow for communication among these objects or with services in the future Internet. However, the acceptance of WSNs by the industrial automation community is impeded by open issues, such as security guarantees and provision of Quality of Service (QoS). To examine both of these perspectives, we select and survey relevant WSN technologies dedicated to industrial automation. We determine QoS requirements and carry out a threat analysis, which act as basis of our evaluation of the current state-of-the-art. According to the results of this evaluation, we identify and discuss open research issues. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/2/96/ Thu, 08 Apr 2010 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2010-04-08 2 2 Article 96 125 1999-5903 Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Technologies for Industrial Automation: The Security and Quality of Service Perspectives 2010-04-08 doi: 10.3390/fi2020096 Christin Mogre Hollick http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/74/ Today’s engineering companies are facing unprecedented competition in a global market place. There is now a knowledge intensive shift towards whole product lifecycle support, and collaborative environments. It has become particularly important to capture information, knowledge and experiences about previous design and following stages during their product lifecycle, so as to retrieve and reuse such information in new and follow-on designs activities. Recently, with the rapid development and adoption of digital technologies, annotation and markup are becoming important tools for information communication, retrieval and management. Such techniques are being increasingly applied to an array of applications and different digital items, such as text documents, 2D images and 3D models. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of recent research in markup for engineering design, including a number of core markup languages and main markup strategies. Their applications and future utilization in engineering design, including multi-viewpoint of product models, capture of information and rationale across the whole product lifecycle, integration of engineering design processes, and engineering document management, are comprehensively discussed. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/74/ Thu, 11 Mar 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-03-11 2 1 Review 74 95 1999-5903 Markup in Engineering Design: A Discourse 2010-03-11 doi: 10.3390/fi2010074 Lian Ding Shaofeng Liu http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/60/ This work presents a cooperative network-aware processing of multimedia content for dynamic quality of service management in wireless IP networks. Our technique can be also used for quality control in UMTS environments, exploiting the tracing watermarking recently introduced in literature. In this work, we use the transmitted video-sequences to monitor the QoS in a videoconference call. The video-sequence of every active user travels on the communication link, one time as video (transparent mode), one time as watermark (hidden mode) describing a boomerang trajectory. The results obtained through our simulation trials confirm the validity of such approach. In fact, the advantages of distributing the management process are (i) an easier and more precise localization of the cause of QoS problems, (ii) a better knowledge of local situations, (iii) a lower complexity for a single QoS agent and (iv) an increase in possible actions. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/60/ Mon, 08 Mar 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-03-08 2 1 Article 60 73 1999-5903 Dynamic QoS Evaluation of Multimedia Contents in Wireless Networks by “Double-Boomerang” Watermarking 2010-03-08 doi: 10.3390/fi2010060 Francesco Benedetto Alberto Curcio Gaetano Giunta http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/41/ Currently, there is much talk of Web 2.0 and Social Software. A common understanding of these notions is not yet in existence. The question of what makes Social Software social has thus far also remained unacknowledged. In this paper we provide a theoretical understanding of these notions by outlining a model of the Web as a techno-social system that enhances human cognition towards communication and co-operation. According to this understanding, we identify three qualities of the Web, namely Web 1.0 as a Web of cognition, Web 2.0 as a Web of human communication, and Web 3.0 as a Web of co-operation. We use the terms Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0 not in a technical sense, but for describing and characterizing the social dynamics and information processes that are part of the Internet. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/41/ Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-02-19 2 1 Article 41 59 1999-5903 Theoretical Foundations of the Web: Cognition, Communication, and Co-Operation. Towards an Understanding of Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 2010-02-19 doi: 10.3390/fi2010041 Christian Fuchs Wolfgang Hofkirchner Matthias Schafranek Celina Raffl Marisol Sandoval Robert Bichler http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/30/ Data hiding techniques have so far concentrated on adding or modifying irrelevant information in order to hide a message. However, files in widespread use, such as HTML documents, usually exhibit high redundancy levels, caused by code-generation programs. Such redundancy may be removed by means of optimization software. Redundancy removal, if applied selectively, enables information hiding. This work introduces Selective Redundancy Removal (SRR) as a framework for hiding data. An example application of the framework is given in terms of hiding information in HTML documents. Non-uniformity across documents may raise alarms. Nevertheless, selective application of optimization techniques might be due to the legitimate use of optimization software not supporting all the optimization methods, or configured to not use all of them. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/30/ Mon, 15 Feb 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-02-15 2 1 Communication 30 40 1999-5903 Selective Redundancy Removal: A Framework for Data Hiding 2010-02-15 doi: 10.3390/fi2010030 Ugo Fiore http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/16/ This paper deals with an autonomous cognitive network management architecture which aims at achieving inter-network (horizontal) and inter-layer (vertical) cross-optimization. The proposed architecture is based on the so-called Cognitive Managers transparently embedded in properly selected network nodes. The core of each Cognitive Manager are the so-called thinking modules, which are in charge of taking consistent and coordinated decisions according to a fully cognitive approach. The thinking modules potentially avail of information coming from both the transport and the service/content layers of all networks and, based on all this inter-layer and inter-network information, take consistent and coordinated decisions impacting the different layers, aiming at the overall inter-layer, inter-network optimization. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/16/ Fri, 22 Jan 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-01-22 2 1 Article 16 29 1999-5903 A Fully Cognitive Approach for Future Internet 2010-01-22 doi: 10.3390/fi2010016 Francesco Delli Priscoli http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/1/ Searching names of persons, families, and organizations is often difficult in online databases because different persons or organizations frequently share the same name and because a single person’s or organization’s name may appear in different forms in various online documents. Databases and search engines can use metadata as a tool to solve the problem of name ambiguity and name variation in online databases. This article describes the challenges names pose in information retrieval and some emerging name metadata databases that can help ameliorate the problems. Effective name disambiguation and collocation increase search precision and recall and can improve assessment of scholarly work. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/2/1/1/ Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2010-01-05 2 1 Article 1 15 1999-5903 Metadata for Name Disambiguation and Collocation 2010-01-05 doi: 10.3390/fi2010001 Jeffrey Beall http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/59/ The evolution of the Web over the past few years has fostered the growth of a handful of new technologies (e.g. Blogs, Wiki’s, Web Services). Recently web mashups have emerged as the newest Web technology and have gained lots of momentum and attention from both academic and industry communities. Current mashup literature focuses on a wide array of issues, which can be partially explained by how new the topic is. However, to date, mashup literature lacks an articulation of the different subtopics of web mashup research. This study presents a broad review of mashup literature to help frame the 1subtopics in mashup research. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/59/ Tue, 22 Dec 2009 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2009-12-22 1 1 Review 59 87 1999-5903 Mashups: A Literature Review and Classification Framework 2009-12-22 doi: 10.3390/fi1010059 Brandon Beemer Dawn Gregg http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/47/ This paper describes a follow-up Web 2.0 approach to a technology enhanced master course for students of Graz University of Technology. The lecture “Social Aspects of Information Technology” has a long tradition for using new didactical scenarios as well as modern e-Learning technologies. After using a blogosphere one year ago, this year microblog channels helped to expand the traditional lecture. Students choose (on a voluntary basis) whether they want to participate in a blogging/microblogging group instead of using conventional methods called Scientific Writer/Scientific Reviewer. This study addresses the question whether this method can change the learning outcome into a more reflective one. Furthermore, peer-reviewing groups judge the quality of essays and blog contributions. In this paper we examine if microblogging can be an appropriate technology for assisting the process. This publication comes to the conclusion that an amazing potential and a new way to work with information is opened when using microblogging. Students seem to be more engaged, reflective and critical in as much as they presented much more personal statements and opinions than years before. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/47/ Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2009-11-18 1 1 Article 47 58 1999-5903 Can Weblogs and Microblogs Change Traditional Scientific Writing? 2009-11-18 doi: 10.3390/fi1010047 Martin Ebner Hermann Maurer http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/28/ Metadata have long been recognised as crucial to geospatial asset management and discovery, and yet undertaking their creation remains an unenviable task often to be avoided. This paper proposes a practical approach designed to address such concerns, decomposing various data creation, management, update and documentation process steps that are subsequently leveraged to contribute towards metadata record completion. Using a customised utility embedded within a common GIS application, metadata elements are computationally derived from an imposed feature metadata standard, dataset geometry, an integrated storage protocol and pre-prepared content, and instantiated within a common geospatial discovery convention. Yielding 27 out of a 32 total metadata elements (or 15 out of 17 mandatory elements) the approach demonstrably lessens the burden of metadata authorship. It also encourages improved geospatial asset management whilst outlining core requisites for developing a more open metadata strategy not bound to any particular application domain. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/28/ Tue, 10 Nov 2009 00:00:00 CET Future Internet 2009-11-10 1 1 Article 28 46 1999-5903 A Method for Automating Geospatial Dataset Metadata 2009-11-10 doi: 10.3390/fi1010028 James K. Batcheller Bruce M. Gittings Robert I. Dunfey http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/14/ The common understanding of e-learning has shifted over the last decade from the traditional learning objects portals to learning paradigms that enforces constructivism, discovery learning and social collaboration. Such type of learning takes place outside the formal academic settings (e.g., seminars or lectures) where a learning environment is created by using some kind of web application mashup tools. The use of these mashup tools moves the learning environment further away from being a monolithic platform towards providing an open set of learning tools, an unrestricted number of actors, and an open corpus of artifacts, either pre-existing or created by the learning process – freely combinable and utilizable by learners within their learning activities. However, collaboration, mashup and contextualization can only be supported through services, which can be created and modified dynamically based on middlewares to suit the current needs and situations of learners. This article identifies middlewares suitable for creating effective personal learning environment based on Web 2.0 mashup tools. This article also proposed a general framework for constructing such personal learning environments based on Ambient Learning realized by learning agents and the use of Enterprise Mashup servers. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/14/ Wed, 05 Aug 2009 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2009-08-05 1 1 Article 14 27 1999-5903 Identifying Middlewares for Mashup Personal Learning Environments 2009-08-05 doi: 10.3390/fi1010014 Jinan Fiaidhi Sabah Mohammed Lyle Chamarette David Thomas http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/1/ In 1995 technology analyst Gartner [1] developed a hype cycle model for the adoption of technology. The cycle comprises five stages from the initial technology trigger through to a final plateau of productivity along a with a peak of inflated expectations, a tough of disillusionment and the slope of enlightenment. The hype cycle is notable technique for plotting and identifying waves of innovation and hype in technology and digital communications. Yet, from where we stand, we can see the waves of innovation becoming increasingly shorter, the troughs less deep and the peaks of expectations higher. The read-write revolution, that is arguably known as Web 2.0, has transformed our experience of using the Internet from a source of information to a means of communication and participation. It has introduced mirror worlds, the cloud, wikitecture, social shaping, connected places, folksonomies and many other terms that I am sure many of us have used in recent grant applications and papers. This is the here and now, all of these technologies are past the technology trigger point and rising up the peak of inflated expectations with a few already heading towards the trough before becoming mainstream and approaching mass adoption. [...] http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/1/ Fri, 17 Jul 2009 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2009-07-17 1 1 Editorial 1 2 1999-5903 The Future Internet 2009-07-17 doi: 10.3390/fi1010001 Andrew Hudson-Smith http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/3/ In this paper, Web 2.0 open content mashups or combinations are explored. Two case studies of recent initial teacher training programmes are reviewed where blogs and wikis were blended to create new virtual learning spaces. In two separate studies, students offer their views about using these tools, and reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. There is also discussion about aggregation of content and a theorization of how community and personal spaces can create tension and conflict. A new ‘learning spaces’ model will be presented which aids visualization of the processes, domains and territories that are brought into play when content and Web 2.0 tools are mashed up within the same space. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/1/1/3/ Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:00:00 CEST Future Internet 2009-07-13 1 1 Article 3 13 1999-5903 Learning Space Mashups: Combining Web 2.0 Tools to Create Collaborative and Reflective Learning Spaces 2009-07-13 doi: 10.3390/fi1010003 Steve Wheeler