Water Absorption Behavior of Hemp Hurds Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
Hemp Hurds
Hemp | Sample | dm (mm) |
---|---|---|
Hungarohemp | 1 | 4.29 |
2 | 7.42 | |
3 | 2.33 | |
Hempflax | 4 | 1.94 |
5 | 3.22 | |
6 | 0.94 |
Hemp hurds component | Content (%) | |
---|---|---|
Hungarohemp | Hempflax | |
Holocellulose | 71.5 | 74.5 |
Cellulose | 44.3 | 44.2 |
Hemicellulose | 27.2 | 30.3 |
Lignin | 22.0 | 24.4 |
Toluene-ethanol extract | 6.2 | 3.5 |
Ash | 1.6 | 1.4 |
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Chemical Modification of Hemp Hurds
2.2.2. Determination of Hemp Hurds Components
2.2.3. Size Exclusion Chromatography
2.2.4. Fresh Mixture and Composite Preparation
2.2.5. Water Absorption Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Short-Term Water Absorption Behavior of Composites
3.2. Long-Term Water Absorption Behavior of Composites
Composites samples | M∞ (%) | n | k (s−1) | Correlation coefficient | D (m2.s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference | 45.16 | 0.1411 | 7.68 × 10−5 | 0.8994 | 0.058 × 10−11 |
Modified by EDTA | 13.26 | 0.0516 | 17.50 × 10−5 | 0.7824 | 3.42 × 10−11 |
Modified by Ca(OH)2 | 27.94 | 0.1734 | 6.48 × 10−5 | 0.9897 | 0.106 × 10−11 |
Modified by NaOH | 12.81 | 0.1019 | 11.56 × 10−5 | 0.9814 | 1.66 × 10−11 |
Hemp hurds | Cellulose [%] | Hemicellulose [%] | Lignin [%] | APD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Original | 44.50 | 32.78 | 21.30 | 1302 |
Modified by EDTA | 45.70 | 31.05 | 24.22 | 929 |
Modified by Ca(OH)2 | 45.75 | 28.88 | 23.98 | 871 |
Modified by NaOH | 53.87 | 12.06 | 27.27 | 585 |
4. Conclusions
4.1. Short-Term Water Absorption Behavior
- Testing of water absorption behavior of original hemp hurds composites with classical (Portland cement) and alternative binder (MgO-cement) showed that the more suitable binder for lightweight composite is MgO-cement. Its alkaline nature positively affects surface of filler as well as its interaction with hemp hurds.
- According to the results, decreasing mean particle length positively influences water absorbability of composites.
- Lower water contents in composites reinforced with Dutch hemp hurds (shorter particle length) and MgO-cement were recorded in comparison to composites with Hungarian hemp hurds.
4.2. Long-Term Water Absorption Behavior
- The degree of water absorption in hemp hurds composites depends on their duration of water immersion.
- The comparative study of water sorption behavior of composites reinforced with original and chemically modified hemp hurds in three reagents confirmed that surface treatment of filler influences of sorption process. The maximum value of water absorbability of composites decreases in following order of hemp hurds: original > Ca(OH)2 > EDTA ≈ NaOH.
- Based on evaluation of sorption curves using model for composites based on natural fibers, diffusion of water molecules in composite reinforced with original and chemically modified hemp hurds is anomalous in terms of the Fickian behavior.
- The most significant decrease in hydrophility of hemp hurds found in case of alkaline modified of hemp hurds by NaOH relates to change in the chemical composition of hemp hurds, especially to decrease in average degree of cellulose polymerization as well as hemicellulose content.
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stevulova, N.; Cigasova, J.; Purcz, P.; Schwarzova, I.; Kacik, F.; Geffert, A. Water Absorption Behavior of Hemp Hurds Composites. Materials 2015, 8, 2243-2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8052243
Stevulova N, Cigasova J, Purcz P, Schwarzova I, Kacik F, Geffert A. Water Absorption Behavior of Hemp Hurds Composites. Materials. 2015; 8(5):2243-2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8052243
Chicago/Turabian StyleStevulova, Nadezda, Julia Cigasova, Pavol Purcz, Ivana Schwarzova, Frantisek Kacik, and Anton Geffert. 2015. "Water Absorption Behavior of Hemp Hurds Composites" Materials 8, no. 5: 2243-2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8052243