Bio-based Films from Linter Cellulose and Its Acetates: Formation and Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Properties of Linter Cellulose
2.2. Characterization of Cellulose Acetates
Molar ratio Ac2O/AGU | DS | Sample code |
---|---|---|
1.5 | 0.8 | Ac0.8 |
5.0 | 1.5 | Ac1.5 |
9.0 | 2.1 | Ac2.1 |
12.0 | 2.9 | Ac2.9 |
2.3. Characterization of Cellulose, Cellulose Acetate and Bio-Based Cellulose Acetate/Cellulose Films
Acetate (DS) | Acetate (wt %) | Cellulose (wt %) | Sample Code |
---|---|---|---|
0.8 | 100 | 0 | FAc0.8 |
95 | 5 | FAc0.8Cell5 | |
90 | 10 | FAc0.8Cell10 | |
85 | 15 | FAc0.8Cell15 | |
1.5 | 100 | 0 | FAc1.5 |
95 | 5 | FAc1.5Cell5 | |
90 | 10 | FAc1.5Cell10 | |
85 | 15 | FAc1.5Cell15 | |
2.1 | 100 | 0 | FAc2.1 |
95 | 5 | FAc2.1Cell5 | |
90 | 10 | FAc2.1Cell10 | |
85 | 15 | FAc2.1Cell15 | |
2.9 | 100 | 0 | FAc2.9 |
95 | 5 | FAc2.9Cell5 | |
90 | 10 | Fac2.9Cell10 | |
85 | 15 | FAc2.9Cell15 |
2.3.1. Elemental Analysis and Atomic Absorption
2.3.2. Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of DS 0.8 acetate (Ac0.8), Mixed or not Mixed with Cellulose, and of the Film FAc0.8Cell10 (Redissolved in LiCl/DMAc)
2.3.3. Morphological Surface Analyses
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.3.4. Crystallinity Index (Ic)
2.3.5. Humidity Absorption
2.3.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.3.7. Tensile Properties
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Cellulose Pre-Treatment
3.3. Dissolution and Acetylation of Cellulose
3.4. Characterization of Cellulose Acetates
3.4.1. Degree of Substitution (DS)
3.5. Elaboration of the Films
3.5.1. Cellulose Acetate Films
3.5.2. Cellulose Film
3.5.3. Cellulose Acetate/Cellulose Films
3.6. Characterization of Starting Materials and Cellulose Acetate/Cellulose Films
3.6.1. Crystallinity Index (Ic)
3.6.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.6.3. Elemental Analysis and Atomic Absorption
3.6.4. Determination of Molar Mass Distribution by Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
3.6.5. Morphological Analyses
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.6.6. Humidity Absorption
3.6.7. Tensile Tests
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Morgado, D.L.; Rodrigues, B.V.M.; Almeida, E.V.R.; Seoud, O.A.E.; Frollini, E. Bio-based Films from Linter Cellulose and Its Acetates: Formation and Properties. Materials 2013, 6, 2410-2435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062410
Morgado DL, Rodrigues BVM, Almeida EVR, Seoud OAE, Frollini E. Bio-based Films from Linter Cellulose and Its Acetates: Formation and Properties. Materials. 2013; 6(6):2410-2435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062410
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorgado, Daniella L., Bruno V. M. Rodrigues, Erika V. R. Almeida, Omar A. El Seoud, and Elisabete Frollini. 2013. "Bio-based Films from Linter Cellulose and Its Acetates: Formation and Properties" Materials 6, no. 6: 2410-2435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062410