Current Status of Antibiograms of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Foods in Alice, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antimicrobial Patterns
Number (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Antibiotic | L. ivanovii (n = 51) | ||
S | I | R | |
Chloramphenicol (30 µg) | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Kanamycin (30 µg) | 21 (39) | 19 (37) | 11 (22) |
Amoxacillin (20 µg) | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 48 (94) |
Penicillin G (10 units) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 51 (100) |
Vancomycin (30 µg) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 51 (100) |
Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Streptomycin (10 µg) | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Trimeth/Sulfamethoxazole (1.25 µg) | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Nalidixic acid (30 µg) | 50 (98) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
Trimethoprim (5 µg) | 42 (82) | 4 (8) | 5 (10) |
Erythromycin (15 µg) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 51 (100) |
Neomycin (30 µg) | 20 (39) | 24 (47) | 7 (14) |
Tetracycline (30 µg) | 28 (55) | 0 (0) | 23 (45) |
Ampicillin (10 µg) | 23 (45) | 5 (10) | 23 (45) |
Gentamicin (10 µg) | 50 (98) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
Antibiotic | Enterobacter cloacae(n = 33) | ||
S | I | R | |
Chloramphenicol (30 µg) | 30 (91) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) |
Kanamycin (30 µg) | 27 (82) | 3 (9) | 3 (9) |
Amoxacillin (20 µg) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (100) |
Penicillin G (10 units) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (100) |
Vancomycin (30 µg) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (100) |
Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) | 33 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Streptomycin (10 µg) | 31 (94) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) |
Trimeth/Sulfamethoxazole (1.25 µg) | 26 (79) | 0 (0) | 7 (21) |
Nalidixic acid (30 µg) | 32 (97) | 1(3) | 0 (0) |
Trimethoprim (5 µg) | 26 (78) | 0 (0) | 7 (21) |
Erythromycin (15 µg) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (100) |
Neomycin (30 µg) | 15 (45) | 13 (39) | 5 (15) |
Tetracycline (30 µg) | 14 (42) | 0 (0) | 19 (58) |
Ampicillin (10 µg) | 0 (0) | 7 (21) | 26 (79) |
Gentamicin (10 µg) | 30 (91) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) |
No | Antibiotype | Number (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
E. cloacae | L. ivanovii | |||
A1 | PGR VAR ER | 0 (0) | 3 (5.9) | |
A2 | PGR VAR ER TR | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
A3 | AR PGR VAR ER | 7 (21.2) | 11 (22.5) | |
A4 | KR AR PGR VAR ER | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
A5 | AR PGR VAR ER APR | 19 (57.5) | 12 (23.5) | |
A6 | AR PGR VAR ER TR | 0 (0) | 5 (9.8) | |
A7 | KR AR PGR VAR ER APR | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
A8 | KR AR PGR VAR ER TR | 0 (0) | 3 (5.9) | |
A9 | AR PGR VAR ER TR APR | 0 (0) | 5 (9.8) | |
A10 | AR PGR VAR ER NER TR | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | |
A11 | AR PGR VAR WR ER TR APR | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
A12 | KR AR PGR VAR ER NER APR | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | |
A13 | KR AR PGR VAR ER TR APR | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | |
A14 | KR AR PGR VAR ER NER T R | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | |
A15 | AR PGR VAR WR ER T R APR | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | |
A16 | AR PGR VAR SXTR WR ER T R APR | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | |
A17 | KR AR PGR VAR WR ER NER T R APR | 0 (0) | 2 (3.9) | |
A18 | KR AR PGR VAR SXT R WR ER NER T R APR GMR | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | |
A19 | CR KR AR PGR VAR SXT R WR ER NER T R APR GMR | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
2.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC90) Determination
Isolate no. | Cip | T | C | K | NA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-E | 0.009 | 0.029 | 0.234 | 0.029 | 0.234 |
2-E | 0.019 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.234 |
4-E | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 0.058 |
5-E | 0.625 | 3.75 | 0.937 | ND | 0.234 |
7-E | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.234 | 0.117 | 0.117 |
09-2 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.029 |
012-2 | 0.156 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.029 | 0.234 |
052-2 | 0.009 | 0.234 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.234 |
057-2 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 0.058 |
067-2 | 0.019 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.117 |
070-2 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.937 | 0.058 | 0.234 |
073-2 | 0.009 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.014 | 0.058 |
089-2 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.058 | 0.029 | 0.468 |
103-1 | 0.019 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.117 |
112-3 | 0.004 | 0.058 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.117 |
224-3 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.117 |
247-2 | 0.019 | 0.117 | 0.637 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
114-2 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.058 | 0.117 | 0.468 |
119-2 | 0.019 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.029 |
164-1 | 0.004 | 0.029 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.468 |
171-1 | 0.625 | ND | 0.468 | ND | 0.937 |
172-1 | 0.625 | ND | 0.937 | ND | 0.234 |
177-1 | 0.019 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.117 |
194-3 | 0.009 | 0.117 | 0.234 | 0.029 | 0.234 |
198-2 | 0.004 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.058 | 0.234 |
205-3 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.029 |
208-2 | 0.156 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 0.234 |
217-3 | 0.312 | ND | 0.234 | 0.029 | 0.468 |
220-2 | 0.009 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.029 | 0.234 |
221-2 | 0.004 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 0.029 |
225-3 | 0.009 | 0.234 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.117 |
235-2 | 0.312 | ND | 0.468 | ND | 0.937 |
251-3 | 0.156 | ND | 0.234 | 0.117 | 0.029 |
Isolate no. | Cip | T | C | K | NA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
61-2 | 0.039 | 1.875 | 0.937 | 0.058 | 3.75 |
74-1 | 0.312 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 7.5 |
99-2 | 0.078 | 0.117 | 0.234 | 0.117 | 0.468 |
109-1 | 0.009 | 0.058 | 0.468 | 3.75 | 0.117 |
117-2 | 0.312 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 1.875 |
127-2 | 0.019 | 0.117 | 1.875 | 0.117 | 0.468 |
155-2 | 0.078 | 1.875 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
160-1 | 0.625 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 1.875 |
188-2 | 0.039 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 0.234 | 3.75 |
190-2 | 0.039 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.937 |
192-2 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.937 | 0.058 | 0.058 |
63-1 | 0.312 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 1.875 |
196-1 | 0.078 | 0.117 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
55-1 | 0.009 | 1.875 | 0.468 | 3.75 | 1.875 |
164-1 | 0.019 | 0.058 | 0.937 | 1.875 | 1.875 |
123-1 | 0.156 | 0.058 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
73-1 | 0.019 | 1.875 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
20-2 | 0.078 | 1.875 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 3.75 |
93-2 | 0.009 | 0.058 | 0.029 | 3.75 | 0.234 |
159-1 | 0.039 | 0.468 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.468 |
195-1 | 0.009 | 1.875 | 0.468 | 3.75 | 1.875 |
119-2 | 0.312 | 0.058 | 3.75 | 0.468 | 3.75 |
118-2 | 0.019 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 1.875 | 1.875 |
58-2 | 0.078 | 1.875 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
111-1 | 0.039 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 0.937 |
01-2 | 0.312 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 1.875 |
03-2 | 0.312 | 0.058 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 3.75 |
04-2 | 0.078 | 0.117 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
08-2 | ND | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 3.75 |
16-2 | 0.156 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 7.5 |
17-2 | 0.156 | 0.058 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
20-2 | 0.039 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 3.75 |
27-E | 0.039 | 0.117 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.468 |
32-3 | 0.009 | 0.234 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.937 |
37-1 | 0.625 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 0.937 |
198-1 | 0.312 | 0.117 | 3.7 | 0.234 | 3.75 |
38-1 | 0.156 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.117 | 1.875 |
39-1 | 0.039 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
41-1 | 0.019 | 0.058 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 1.875 |
42-3 | 0.009 | 1.875 | 0.234 | 3.75 | 1.875 |
43-E | 0.625 | 7.5 | 0.468 | 7.5 | 0.058 |
44-1 | 0.156 | 0.468 | 0.937 | 0.234 | ND |
80-1 | 0.156 | 0.468 | 0.937 | 0.937 | 1.875 |
85-2 | 0.019 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
131-1 | 0.625 | 0.117 | 0.234 | 0.468 | 0.937 |
93-2 | 0.039 | 0.117 | 0.468 | 0.468 | 3.75 |
100-1 | 0.039 | 0.468 | 0.937 | 0.117 | 0.468 |
140-1 | 0.156 | 0.058 | 0.468 | 0.234 | 0.468 |
106-1 | 0.078 | 0.937 | 0.468 | 0.937 | 3.75 |
201-1 | 0.039 | 0.117 | 0.937 | 0. 468 | 0.937 |
189-1 | 0.078 | 0.234 | 3.75 | 0.234 | 0.937 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Bacterial Strains
3.2. Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
3.2.1. Disc Diffusion Test
3.2.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC90) Determination
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Nyenje, M.E.; Tanih, N.F.; Green, E.; Ndip, R.N. Current Status of Antibiograms of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Foods in Alice, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 3101-3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093101
Nyenje ME, Tanih NF, Green E, Ndip RN. Current Status of Antibiograms of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Foods in Alice, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(9):3101-3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093101
Chicago/Turabian StyleNyenje, Mirriam E., Nicoline F. Tanih, Ezekiel Green, and Roland N. Ndip. 2012. "Current Status of Antibiograms of Listeria ivanovii and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Foods in Alice, South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 9: 3101-3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093101