Characterization and Cytotoxic Assessment of Ballistic Aerosol Particulates for Tungsten Alloy Penetrators into Steel Target Plates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials and Ballistic Testing
2.2. Aerosol Collection and Analysis
2.3. Aerosol Particulate Characterization
2.4. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays for Particulate Collections
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Aerosol Particulate Size Distribution and Composition
3.2. Particulate Characterization by SEM and TEM
3.3. Cytotoxicity Assays
3.4. Comparative Cytoxicity of These and Other Nanoparticulate Species
3.5. Respiratory Effects of Nanoparticulates
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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M2 Composition | % |
---|---|
Nitrocellulose | 77.45 |
Nitroglycerin | 19.50 |
Ba (NO3)2 | 1.40 |
KNO3 | 0.75 |
Ethyl Centralite | 0.60 |
Graphite | 0.30 |
Name | Description |
---|---|
SSF-WA #1 | Single Stage Filter Collections for WA #1 impacting target array |
SSF-WA #2 | Single Stage Filter Collections for WA #2 impacting target array |
CI6-WA #1 | Cascade Impactor Stage 6 Specimens for WA #1 impacting array |
CI6-WA #2 | Cascade Impactor Stage 6 Specimens for WA #1 impacting array |
Media | Negative Control-Untreated cells |
Blank | Cells exposed to a single stage filter on which nothing has been collected |
Stage | Cut Point (microns) | Total Particulate Weight (mg) | Total Particulate Concentration (mg/m3) | Iron Conc. (mg/m3) | Nickel Conc. (mg/m3) | Tungsten Conc. (mg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21 | 0.432 | 17 | 14.8 | 0.286 | 1.92 |
2 | 15 | 0.052 | 2 | 4.51 | 0.134 | 1.36 |
3 | 10 | 0.000 | 0 | 3.52 | ND | 0.217 |
4 | 6 | 0.049 | 2 | 7.31 | 0.118 | 0.318 |
5 | 3.5 | 0.798 | 31 | 21.0 | 0.312 | 0.736 |
6 | 2 | 0.953 | 38 | 20.9 | 0.290 | 0.781 |
7 | 0.9 | 0.677 | 27 | 9.97 | 0.142 | 0.625 |
8 | 0.5 | 0.204 | 8 | 2.25 | ND | 0.401 |
Backup Filter | 0.25 | 0.878 | 35 | 4.89 | ND | 2.59 |
Total | 160 | 89.2 | 1.28 | 8.95 | ||
Respirable | 106 | 65.0 | 0.862 | 3.08 |
Stage | Cut Point (μm) | Total Particulate Weight (mg) | Total Particulate Concentration (mg/m3) | Cobalt Conc. (mg/m3) | Iron Conc. (mg/m3) | Nickel Conc. (mg/m3) | Tungsten Conc. (mg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21 | 0.216 | 6 | ND | 5.85 | 0.114 | 0.274 |
2 | 15 | 0.000 | 0 | ND | 1.70 | ND | 0.102 |
3 | 10 | 0.254 | 7 | ND | 1.87 | ND | 0.106 |
4 | 6 | 0.030 | 1 | ND | 3.96 | 0.076 | 0.185 |
5 | 3.5 | 0.841 | 22 | 0.088 | 13.70 | 0.208 | 0.535 |
6 | 2 | 0.981 | 26 | 0.068 | 12.40 | 0.174 | 0.580 |
7 | 0.9 | 0.592 | 16 | 0.184* | 5.17 | 0.079* | 0.125* |
8 | 0.5 | 0.310 | 8 | 0.075 | 3.07 | ND | 0.417 |
Backup Filter | 0.25 | 1.131 | 30 | ND | 4.20 | 0.090 | 1.380 |
Total | 116 | 0.415 | 51.90 | 0.741 | 3.700 | ||
Respirable | 80 | 0.415 | 40.20 | 0.537 | 1.950 |
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Machado, B.I.; Murr, L.E.; Suro, R.M.; Gaytan, S.M.; Ramirez, D.A.; Garza, K.M.; Schuster, B.E. Characterization and Cytotoxic Assessment of Ballistic Aerosol Particulates for Tungsten Alloy Penetrators into Steel Target Plates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 3313-3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7093313
Machado BI, Murr LE, Suro RM, Gaytan SM, Ramirez DA, Garza KM, Schuster BE. Characterization and Cytotoxic Assessment of Ballistic Aerosol Particulates for Tungsten Alloy Penetrators into Steel Target Plates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010; 7(9):3313-3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7093313
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachado, Brenda I., Lawrence E. Murr, Raquel M. Suro, Sara M. Gaytan, Diana A. Ramirez, Kristine M. Garza, and Brian E. Schuster. 2010. "Characterization and Cytotoxic Assessment of Ballistic Aerosol Particulates for Tungsten Alloy Penetrators into Steel Target Plates" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 9: 3313-3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7093313