Characteristics of Fine Particles in an Urban Atmosphere—Relationships with Meteorological Parameters and Trace Gases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Location
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Particle Number Size Distributions
2.2.2. Black Carbon and Trace Gases
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Pearson Correlation Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of Particle Number Concentrations
3.2. Meteorological Dependence of Particle Number Concentrations
3.3. Diurnal Variations of Particle Number Concentration in the Four Seasons
3.4. A Case Analysis of a Nucleation Burst Event in Winter
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Haywood, J.; Ramaswamy, V.; Soden, B. Tropospheric aerosol climate forcing in clear-sky satellite observations over the oceans. Science 1999, 283, 1299–1303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tegen, I.; Lacis, A.A.; Fung, I. The influence on cLimate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature 1996, 380, 419–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solomon, S.; Daniel, J.S.; Neely, R.R.; Vernier, J.-P.; Dutton, E.G.; Thomason, L.W. The persistently variable “background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change. Science 2011, 333, 866–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers; Stocke, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M.M.B., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M., Eds.; The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ezz, W.N.; Mazaheri, M.; Robinson, P.; Johnson, G.R.; Clifford, S.; He, C.; Morawska, L.; Marks, G.B. Ultrafine particles from traffic emissions and children’s health (Uptech) in Brisbane, Queensland (Australia): Study design and implementation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1687–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karottki, D.G.; Spilak, M.; Frederiksen, M.; Jovanovic Andersen, Z.; Madsen, A.M.; Ketzel, M.; Massling, A.; Gunnarsen, L.; Møller, P.; Loft, S. Indoor and outdoor exposure to ultrafine, fine and microbiologically derived particulate matter related to cardiovascular and respiratory effects in a panel of elderly urban citizens. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1667–1686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, P.; Xin, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, S.; Shang, K.; Liu, Z.; Li, G.; Pan, X.; Wei, L.; Wang, M. Time-series analysis of mortality effects from airborne particulate matter size fractions in Beijing. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 81, 253–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartell, S.M.; Longhurst, J.; Tjoa, T.; Sioutas, C.; Delfino, R.J. Particulate air pollution, ambulatory heart rate variability, and cardiac arrhythmia in retirement community residents with coronary artery disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Langrish, J.P.; Li, X.; Wang, S.; Lee, M.M.; Barnes, G.D.; Miller, M.R.; Cassee, F.R.; Boon, N.A.; Donaldson, K.; Li, J. Reducing personal exposure to particulate air pollution improves cardiovascular health in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 367–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, Z.; Hu, M.; Lin, P.; Liu, S.; Wehner, B.; Wiedensohler, A. Particle number size distribution in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, China. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 7967–7980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Posner, L.N.; Pandis, S.N. Sources of ultrafine particles in the eastern United States. Atmos. Environ. 2015, 111, 103–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinfeld, J.I. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to cLimate change. Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 1998, 40, 26–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molnár, P.; Janhäll, S.; Hallquist, M. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine particles at a major road north of Gothenburg. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 4115–4123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kittelson, D.B.; Watts, W.; Johnson, J. Nanoparticle emissions on Minnesota highways. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 9–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leitte, A.M.; Schlink, U.; Herbarth, O.; Wiedensohler, A.; Pan, X.-C.; Hu, M.; Richter, M.; Wehner, B.; Tuch, T.; Wu, Z. Size-segregated particle number concentrations and respiratory emergency room visits in Beijing, China. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 508–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Breitner, S.; Liu, L.; Cyrys, J.; Brüske, I.; Franck, U.; Schlink, U.; Leitte, A.M.; Herbarth, O.; Wiedensohler, A.; Wehner, B. Sub-micRometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 5196–5204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Penttinen, P.; Timonen, K.L.; Tiittanen, P.; Mirme, A.; Ruuskanen, J.; Pekkanen, J. Number concentration and size of particles in urban air: Effects on spirometric lung function in adult asthmatic subjects. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109, 319–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peters, A.; Wichmann, H.E.; Tuch, T.; Heinrich, J.; Heyder, J. Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 155, 1376–1383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some Nitroarenes; International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, P.; Pirjola, L.; Ketzel, M.; Harrison, R.M. Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources—A review. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 67, 252–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buseck, P.R.; Pósfai, M. Airborne minerals and related aerosol particles: Effects on climate and the environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 3372–3379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spinazzè, A.; Cattaneo, A.; Peruzzo, C.; Cavallo, D.M. Modeling population exposure to ultrafine particles in a major Italian urban area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 10641–10662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hussein, T.; Puustinen, A.; Aalto, P.P.; Mäkelä, J.M.; Hämeri, K.; Kulmala, M. Urban aerosol number size distributions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2004, 4, 391–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tuch, T.M.; Wehner, B.; Pitz, M.; Cyrys, J.; Heinrich, J.; Kreyling, W.; Wichmann, H.; Wiedensohler, A. Long-term measurements of size-segregated ambient aerosol in two German cities located 100 km apart. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4687–4700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wehner, B.; Wiedensohler, A. Long term measurements of submicRometer urban aerosols: Statistical analysis for correlations with meteorological conditions and trace gases. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2003, 3, 867–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Pandis, S.N. Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the Pittsburgh air quality study (PAQS). Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3275–3284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vu, T.V.; Delgado-Saborit, J.M.; Harrison, R.M. Review: Particle number size distributions from seven major sources and implications for source apportionment studies. Atmos. Environ. 2015, 122, 114–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giechaskiel, B.; Ntziachristos, L.; Samaras, Z.; Scheer, V.; Casati, R.; Vogt, R. Formation potential of vehicle exhaust nucleation mode particles on-road and in the laboratory. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3191–3198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, T.; Chen, X.; Yan, Z. ComParison of fine particles emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles from chassis dynamometer tests and on-road measurements. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 68, 82–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasper, A.; Aufdenblatten, S.; Forss, A.; Mohr, M.; Burtscher, H. Particulate emissions from a low-speed marine diesel engine. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 24–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armas, O.; Gómez, A.; Mata, C.; Ramos, Á. Particles emitted during the stops of an urban bus fuelled with ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends. Urban Clim. 2012, 2, 43–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agarwal, A.K.; Gupta, T.; Dixit, N.; Shukla, P.C. Assessment of toxic potential of primary and secondary particulates/aerosols from biodiesel vis-a-vis mineral diesel fuelled engine. Inhal. Toxicol. 2013, 25, 325–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agarwal, A.K.; Gupta, T.; LUKose, J.; Singh, A.P. Particulate characterization and size distribution in the exhaust of a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2015, 15, 504–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thorpe, A.; Harrison, R.M. Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 400, 270–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wahlström, J.; Söderberg, A.; Olander, L.; Jansson, A.; Olofsson, U. A pin-on-disc simulation of airborne wear particles from disc brakes. Wear 2010, 268, 763–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hussein, T.; Karppinen, A.; KUKkonen, J.; Härkönen, J.; Aalto, P.P.; Hämeri, K.; Kerminen, V.-M.; Kulmala, M. Meteorological dependence of size-fractionated number concentrations of urban aerosol particles. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 1427–1440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Hopke, P.K.; Chalupa, D.C.; Utell, M.J. Effect of the shutdown of a coal-fired power plant on urban ultrafine particles and other pollutants. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 1245–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Hopke, P.K.; Chalupa, D.C.; Utell, M.J. Long-term study of urban ultrafine particles and other pollutants. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 7672–7680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reche, C.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Viana, M.; Pey, J.; Moreno, T.; Rodríguez, S.; González, Y.; Fernández-Camacho, R.; Rosa, J. New considerations for PM, black carbon and particle number concentration for air quality monitoring across different European cities. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 6207–6227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hussein, T.; Junninen, H.; Tunved, P.; Kristensson, A.; Dal Maso, M.; Riipinen, I.; Aalto, P.; Hansson, H.-C.; Swietlicki, E.; Kulmala, M. Time span and spatial scale of regional new particle formation events over Finland and southern Sweden. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 4699–4716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crippa, P.; Pryor, S. Spatial and temporal scales of new particle formation events in eastern North America. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 75, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paatero, P.; Aalto, P.; Picciotto, S.; Bellander, T.; Castaño, G.; Cattani, G.; Cyrys, J.; Kulmala, M.; Lanki, T.; Nyberg, F. Estimating time series of aerosol particle number concentrations in the five heapss cities on the basis of measured air pollution and meteorological variables. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 2261–2273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, S.; Yu, Y.; Yin, D.; He, J. Meteorological dependence of particle number concentrations in an urban area of complex terrain, northwestern China. Atmos. Res. 2015, 164, 304–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Väkevä, M.; Hämeri, K.; Puhakka, T.; Nilsson, E.; Hohti, H.; Mäkelä, J. Effects of meteorological processes on aerosol particle size distribution in an urban background area. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2000, 105, 9807–9821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wang, J.; Tu, X.; Liu, W.; Huang, Z. Vertical variations of particle number concentration and size distribution in a street canyon in Shanghai, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 378, 306–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, W.; Zhang, T.; Zhu, Z.; Ma, Y.; Ma, X.; Wang, W. Characteristics of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10, and their relation to black carbon in Wuhan, Central China. Atmosphere 2015, 6, 1377–1387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seinfeld, J.H.; Pandis, S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Pearson, K. Note on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1895, 58, 240–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassomenos, P.; Vardoulakis, S.; Chaloulakou, A.; Paschalidou, A.; Grivas, G.; Borge, R.; Lumbreras, J. Study of PM10 and PM2.5 levels in three European cities: Analysis of intra and inter urban variations. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 87, 153–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laakso, L.; Hussein, T.; Aarnio, P.; Komppula, M.; Hiltunen, V.; Viisanen, Y.; Kulmala, M. Diurnal and annual characteristics of particle mass and number concentrations in urban, rural and arctic environments in Finland. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 2629–2641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruuskanen, J.; Tuch, T.; Ten Brink, H.; Peters, A.; Khlystov, A.; Mirme, A.; Kos, G.; Brunekreef, B.; Wichmann, H.; Buzorius, G. Concentrations of ultrafine, fine and PM2.5 particles in three European cities. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 3729–3738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woo, K.; Chen, D.; Pui, D.; McMurry, P. Measurement of atlanta aerosol size distributions: Observations of ultrafine particle events. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 75–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pey, J.; Rodríguez, S.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Moreno, T.; Putaud, J.P.; Van Dingenen, R. Variations of urban aerosols in the western Mediterranean. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 9052–9062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birmili, W.; Heinke, K.; Pitz, M.; Matschullat, J.; Wiedensohler, A.; Cyrys, J.; Wichmann, H.-E.; Peters, A. Particle number size distributions in urban air before and after volatilisation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 4643–4660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, M.; Yum, S.S.; Kim, J.H. Characteristics of submicron aerosol number size distribution and new particle formation events measured in Seoul, Korea, during 2004–2012. Asia Pac. J. Atmos. Sci. 2015, 51, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamed, A.; Korhonen, H.; Sihto, S.L.; Joutsensaari, J.; Järvinen, H.; Petäjä, T.; Arnold, F.; Nieminen, T.; Kulmala, M.; Smith, J.N. The role of relative humidity in continental new particle formation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011, 116, 909–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicolás, J.; Yubero, E.; Pastor, C.; Crespo, J.; Carratalá, A. Influence of meteorological variability upon aerosol mass size distribution. Atmos. Res. 2009, 94, 330–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schäfer, K.; Emeis, S.; Höß, M.; Cyrys, J.; Pitz, M.; Münkel, C.; Suppan, P. On a relation between particle size distribution and mixing layer height. SPIE Remote Sens. Clouds Atmos. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, J.; He, D.; Wu, Y.; Fu, L.; He, K. A study of the emission and concentration distribution of vehicular pollutants in the urban area of Beijing. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 453–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sempreviva, A.M.; Gryning, S.-E. Mixing height over water and its role on the correlation between temperature and humidity fluctuations in the unstable surface layer. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 2000, 97, 273–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro, A.; Alonso-Blanco, E.; González-Colino, M.; Calvo, A.I.; Fernández-Raga, M.; Fraile, R. Aerosol size distribution in precipitation events in León, Spain. Atmos. Res. 2010, 96, 421–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Z.; Su, F.; Chen, Z. Influence of synoptic systems on the distribution and evolution process of PM10 concentration in the boundary layer in summer and autumn. Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 2008, 32, 741–751. [Google Scholar]
- Caiyun, M.; Yueqing, T.; Yao, F. Effect analysis of meteorological factors on the inhalable particle matter concentration of atmosphere in Hami. Meteorol. Environ. Sci. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schäfer, K.; Emeis, S.; Hoffmann, H.; Jahn, C. Influence of mixing layer height upon air pollution in urban and sub-urban areas. Meteorol. Z. 2006, 15, 647–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiegner, M.; Emeis, S.; Freudenthaler, V.; Heese, B.; Junkermann, W.; Münkel, C.; Schäfer, K.; Seefeldner, M.; Vogt, S. Mixing layer height over Munich, Germany: Variability and comparisons of different methodologies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crippa, P.; Petäjä, T.; Korhonen, H.; Afandi, G.; Pryor, S. Evidence of an elevated source of nucleation based on model simulations and data from the nifty experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 8021–8036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, H.; Morawska, L.; Ristovski, Z. Observation of new particle formation in subtropical urban environment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2010, 10, 22623–22652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dal Maso, M.; Kulmala, M.; Riipinen, I.; Wagner, R.; Hussein, T.; Aalto, P.P.; Lehtinen, K.E. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from smear II, Hyytiala, Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 2005, 10, 323–336. [Google Scholar]
- Kulmala, M.; Petäjä, T.; Mönkkönen, P.; Koponen, I.; Maso, M.D.; Aalto, P.; Lehtinen, K.; Kerminen, V.-M. On the growth of nucleation mode particles: Source rates of condensable vapor in polluted and clean environments. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 409–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, J.P.; Harrison, R.M. Investigation of ultrafine particle formation during diesel exhaust dilution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3730–3736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, A.; Weller, R.; Wolff, E.; Jacobi, H.W. Speciation and rate of photochemical no and NO2 production in Antarctic snow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27, 345–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Law, M.; Kind, H.; Messer, B.; Kim, F.; Yang, P. Photochemical sensing of NO2 with SNO2 nanoribbon nanosensors at room temperature. Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 2511–2514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jian, G.; Jin, W.; Cheng, S.-H.; Xue, L.-K.; Yan, H.-Z.; Hou, L.-J.; Jiang, Y.-Q.; Wang, W.-X. Number concentration and size distributions of submicron particles in Jinan urban area: Characteristics in summer and winter. J. Environ. Sci. 2007, 19, 1466–1473. [Google Scholar]
- Stanier, C.O.; Khlystov, A.Y.; Pandis, S.N. Nucleation events during the pittsburgh air quality study: Description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters special issue of aerosol science and technology on findings from the fine particulate matter supersites program. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 253–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, C.-H.; Evans, G.J.; Hopke, P.K.; Chalupa, D.J.; Utell, M. Influence of atmospheric dispersion and new particle formation events on ambient particle number concentration in Rochester, United States, and Toronto, Canada. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2006, 56, 431–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Number Concentration (cm−3) | Nucleation Mode | Aitken Mode | Accumulation Mode | Total Number | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter range | 3–25 nm | 25–90 nm | 90–500 nm | 3–500 nm | |
Hyytiälä, 3 years | 480 | 1010 | 620 | 2110 | [50] |
Diameter range | 10–100 nm | 100–500 nm | 3–500 nm | ||
Alkmaar, half year | 18,300 | 2120 | 25,800 | [51] | |
Erfurt, half year | 17,700 | 2270 | 25,900 | [51] | |
Diameter range | 3–10 nm | 10–100 nm | 100–2000 nm | 3–2000 nm | |
Atlanta, 1 year | 5564 | 13,482 | 1690 | 20,736 | [52] |
Diameter range | 3–20 nm | 20–100 nm | 100–800 nm | 3–800 nm | |
Leipzig, 4 years | 9850 | 9413 | 2107 | 21,377 | [25] |
Diameter range | 8–30 nm | 20–100 nm | 90–400 nm | ||
Helsinki, 6 years | 7100 | 6320 | 960 | [23] | |
Diameter range | 3–20 nm | 20–100 nm | 100–1000 nm | 3–2500 nm | |
Pittsburgh, 1 year | 9700 | 10,100 | 2188 | 21,988 | [26] |
Diameter range | 3–20 nm | 20–100 nm | 100–1000nm | 3–10,000 nm | |
Beijing, 2 years | 9000 | 15,900 | 7800 | 32,800 | [10] |
Diameter range | 13–20 nm | 20–100 nm | 100–800 nm | 13–800 nm | |
Barcelona, 1 year | 2340 | 11,820 | 2630 | 16,890 | [53] |
Diameter range | 10–30 nm | 30–300 nm | 300–800 nm | ||
Augsburg, 2 years | 3700 | 7600 | 150 | 11,450 | [54] |
Diameter range | 10–289 nm | ||||
Seoul, 8 years | 17,811 | [55] | |||
Diameter range | 10–25 nm | 25–100 nm | 100–1000 nm | 10–1000 nm | |
Lanzhou, 1 year | 1799 | 16,083 | 4964 | 22,846 | [43] |
Diameter range | 15–30 nm | 30–100 nm | 100–661 nm | 15–661 nm | |
Wuhan, 2 years | 4923 | 12,193 | 4801 | 21,917 | This study |
Pearson Coefficients | Nucleation Mode | Aitken Mode | Accumulation Mode |
---|---|---|---|
Precipitation | −0.505 * | −0.477 * | −0.537 ** |
Wind speed | −0.434 * | −0.390 | −0.408 * |
Relative Humidity | −0.186 | −0.262 | −0.233 |
Atmospheric Pressure | 0.547 ** | 0.544 ** | 0.579 ** |
Temperature | −0.567 ** | −0.515 * | −0.563 ** |
Mixing layer height | −0.258 | −0.159 | −0.226 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, T.; Zhu, Z.; Gong, W.; Xiang, H.; Fang, R. Characteristics of Fine Particles in an Urban Atmosphere—Relationships with Meteorological Parameters and Trace Gases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080807
Zhang T, Zhu Z, Gong W, Xiang H, Fang R. Characteristics of Fine Particles in an Urban Atmosphere—Relationships with Meteorological Parameters and Trace Gases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(8):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080807
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Tianhao, Zhongmin Zhu, Wei Gong, Hao Xiang, and Ruimin Fang. 2016. "Characteristics of Fine Particles in an Urban Atmosphere—Relationships with Meteorological Parameters and Trace Gases" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 8: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080807