Land-Use Conversion Changes the Multifractal Features of Particle-Size Distribution on the Loess Plateau of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Design and Soil Sampling
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Multifractal Theory
2.5. Erodibility (K)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Land-Use Type and Soil Depth on Soil Nutrient Content and Texture
3.2. Effects of Land-Use Type and Soil Depth on Soil Erodibility
3.3. Multifractal Characterization of Soil PSDs
3.4. Effects of Land-Use Type and Soil Depth on the Multifractal Parameters
3.5. Relationships between the Multifractal Parameters and Selected Soil Properties and Erodibility
4. Discussion
4.1. Land-Use Conversion Affects Soil Nutrients, Texture, and Erodibility
4.2. Land-Use Conversion Affects the Multifractal Features of Soil PSDs
4.3. Multifractal Parameters Were Associated with the Selected Soil Properties and Erodibility
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land-Use Type | Restoration Age (Year) | Altitude (m) | Slope (°) | Main Vegetation or Crop Species |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASC | - | 1270 | 19 | - |
Shrubland I | 36 | 1211 | 20 | Caragana microphylla |
Shrubland II | 35 | 1133 | 19 | Hippophae rhamnoides |
Forested land | 37 | 1237 | 30 | Robinia pseudoacacia |
Grassland | 35 | 1159 | 18 | Stipa bungeana, Artemisia sacrorum |
Soil Property | Soil Layer (cm) | ASC | Shrubland I | Shrubland II | Forested Land | Grassland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC | 0–10 | 3.652Ac | 6.819 Ab | 13.17 Aa | 8.454 Ab | 7.37 Ab |
10–20 | 3.263 ABc | 3.871 Bc | 7.844 Ba | 4.477 Bbc | 5.655 Bb | |
20–30 | 2.493 BCc | 3.084 BCbc | 6.52 BCa | 3.314 Bbc | 4.173 BCb | |
30–50 | 2.123 Cbc | 2.186 Cbc | 5.497 CDa | 1.847 Cc | 3.359 Cb | |
50–100 | 1.744 Cc | 1.793 Cc | 4.234 Da | 1.647 Cc | 2.935 Cb | |
TN | 0–10 | 0.468 Ad | 0.734 Ac | 1.287 Aa | 0.886 Ab | 0.8 Abc |
10–20 | 0.375 Bc | 0.472 Bbc | 0.788 Ba | 0.552 Bb | 0.626 Bb | |
20–30 | 0.269 BCc | 0.374 BCbc | 0.646 BCa | 0.457 Bb | 0.453 Cb | |
30–50 | 0.298 Cb | 0.272 CDb | 0.538 Ca | 0.317 Cb | 0.35 Cb | |
50–100 | 0.249 Cab | 0.227 Db | 0.357 Da | 0.276 Cab | 0.299 Cab | |
TP | 0–10 | 0.586 | 0.596 A | 0.543 | 0.571 A | 0.546 |
10–20 | 0.579 | 0.546 B | 0.601 | 0.559 AB | 0.578 | |
20–30 | 0.564 | 0.545 B | 0.569 | 0.537 AB | 0.563 | |
30–50 | 0.553 | 0.532 B | 0.574 | 0.522 B | 0.562 | |
50–100 | 0.555 | 0.543 B | 0.552 | 0.533 AB | 0.539 | |
Clay | 0–10 | 4.133 c | 5.46 b | 6.965 a | 4.956 Abc | 5.431 ab |
10–20 | 3.898 c | 5.819 b | 7.678 a | 5.441 Ab | 5.731 b | |
20–30 | 3.754 c | 5.545 b | 7.468 a | 5.206 Ab | 6.29 ab | |
30–50 | 3.905 c | 5.501 bc | 7.602 a | 5.366 Abc | 6.14 ab | |
50–100 | 3.886 c | 5.478 b | 7.065 a | 3.886 Bc | 6.386 ab | |
Fine silt | 0–10 | 29.042 bc | 27.061 c | 34.054 a | 34.876 a | 32.89 Cab |
10–20 | 27.446 b | 27.905 b | 37.418 a | 36.4 a | 35.09 BCa | |
20–30 | 27.367 b | 27.409 b | 36.368 a | 35.201 a | 36.765 ABa | |
30–50 | 27.73 b | 27.255 b | 35.094 a | 36.567 a | 36.94 ABa | |
50–100 | 29.022 b | 28.14 b | 34.318 ab | 29.022 b | 39.128 Aa | |
Coarse silt | 0–10 | 38.396 a | 34.241 Bcd | 33.92 d | 35.912 Bbc | 36.117 b |
10–20 | 39.599 a | 36.303 Ab | 34.321 b | 35.672 Bb | 36.212 b | |
20–30 | 39.75 a | 36.849 Ab | 34.853 c | 35.69 Bbc | 35.78 bc | |
30–50 | 39.609 a | 37.374 Aab | 35.06 b | 36.258 Bb | 36.285 b | |
50–100 | 39.837 a | 37.431 Ab | 35.815 b | 39.837 Aa | 36.105 b | |
Sand | 0–10 | 28.429 ab | 33.238 a | 25.061 b | 24.255 b | 25.561 Ab |
10–20 | 29.058 a | 29.974 a | 20.583 b | 22.487 ab | 22.967 ABab | |
20–30 | 29.13 a | 30.197 a | 21.312 b | 23.903 ab | 21.164 BCb | |
30–50 | 28.755 ab | 29.869 a | 22.244 bc | 21.81 bc | 20.634 BCc | |
50–100 | 27.256 a | 28.952 a | 22.801 ab | 27.256 a | 18.38 Cb |
Parameter | Soil Layer (cm) | ASC | Shrubland I | Shrubland II | Forested Land | Grassland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | 0–10 | 0.874 b | 0.948 Aa | 0.889 Ab | 0.887 b | 0.927 Aa |
10–20 | 0.871 b | 0.885 Ba | 0.877 Bab | 0.871 b | 0.884 Ba | |
20–30 | 0.873 | 0.88 B | 0.876 B | 0.88 | 0.878 B | |
30–50 | 0.871 | 0.88 B | 0.877 B | 0.876 | 0.874 B | |
50–100 | 0.871 | 0.879 B | 0.876 B | 0.871 | 0.871 B | |
D1 | 0–10 | 0.846 c | 0.876 Aa | 0.862 b | 0.857 Ab | 0.866 Aab |
10–20 | 0.842 c | 0.848 Bb | 0.858 a | 0.855 Aa | 0.857 Ba | |
20–30 | 0.842 b | 0.847 Bb | 0.856 a | 0.857 Aa | 0.857 Ba | |
30–50 | 0.842 b | 0.846 Bab | 0.858 a | 0.856 Aa | 0.856 Ba | |
50–100 | 0.843 b | 0.848 Bab | 0.856 a | 0.843 Bb | 0.855 Bab | |
D1/D0 | 0–10 | 0.968 a | 0.924 Bb | 0.970 a | 0.967 a | 0.935 Bb |
10–20 | 0.966 ab | 0.959 Ab | 0.978 a | 0.982 a | 0.970 Aab | |
20–30 | 0.964 ab | 0.962 Ab | 0.978 a | 0.973 ab | 0.976 Aab | |
30–50 | 0.966 ab | 0.961 Ab | 0.978 a | 0.977 a | 0.979 Aa | |
50–100 | 0.968 ab | 0.965 Ab | 0.977 ab | 0.968 ab | 0.982 Aa | |
D2 | 0–10 | 0.829 b | 0.845 Aa | 0.848 a | 0.845 Aa | 0.845 a |
10–20 | 0.822 b | 0.828 Bb | 0.841 a | 0.844 Aa | 0.842 a | |
20–30 | 0.823 b | 0.827 Bb | 0.839 a | 0.844 Aa | 0.843 a | |
30–50 | 0.823 b | 0.826 Bb | 0.84 ab | 0.844 Aa | 0.841 ab | |
50–100 | 0.825 | 0.828 B | 0.839 | 0.825 B | 0.839 | |
α0 | 0–10 | 0.945 c | 1.073 Aa | 0.963 Ac | 0.984 bc | 1.059 Aab |
10–20 | 0.942 | 0.963 B | 0.932 B | 0.929 | 0.966 B | |
20–30 | 0.95 | 0.955 B | 0.928 B | 0.959 | 0.949 B | |
30–50 | 0.941 | 0.954 B | 0.927 B | 0.946 | 0.932 B | |
50–100 | 0.941 ab | 0.949 Ba | 0.929 Bab | 0.941 ab | 0.92 Bb |
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Sun, C.; Liu, G.; Xue, S. Land-Use Conversion Changes the Multifractal Features of Particle-Size Distribution on the Loess Plateau of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080785
Sun C, Liu G, Xue S. Land-Use Conversion Changes the Multifractal Features of Particle-Size Distribution on the Loess Plateau of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(8):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080785
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Caili, Guobin Liu, and Sha Xue. 2016. "Land-Use Conversion Changes the Multifractal Features of Particle-Size Distribution on the Loess Plateau of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 8: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080785