Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Anxiety Symptoms
2.2.3. Depressive Symptoms
2.2.4. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Participants and Distribution of Study Variables
Variable | N (%) | Anxiety | Depression | PCS | MCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Total | 371 | 37.50 (7.45) | 17.88 (7.88) | 75.42 (15.22) | 68.70 (17.71) |
Age | |||||
≤30 | 29 (7.8) | 35.03 (6.48) | 18.38 (8.72) | 75.31 (15.53) | 65.36 (19.01) |
31–40 | 156 (42.0 ) | 37.79 (7.19) | 17.79 (7.66) | 74.78 (15.17) | 67.38 (17.85) |
41–50 | 167 (45.0) | 37.44 (7.67) | 17.66 (7.97) | 76.15 (14.63) | 70.24 (17.33) |
>50 | 19 (5.1) | 39.37 (8.62) | 19.74 (7.98) | 74.41 (20.56) | 71.02 (17.64) |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 27 (7.3) | 36.74 (7.20) | 20.44 (9.08) | 71.09 (17.76) | 65.32(19.84) |
Married/cohabitating | 331 (89.2) | 37.51 (7.45) | 17.53 (7.73) * | 75.74 (15.01) | 68.96(17.58) |
Divorced/other | 13 (3.5) | 38.69 (8.36) | 21.46 (7.84) | 76.17 (14.95) | 68.86(17.23) |
Education | |||||
Junior college or lower | 140 (37.7) | 37.88 (7.20) | 18.19 (7.99) | 76.21 (13.90) | 67.97 (17.94) |
Undergraduate | 185 (49.9) | 37.49 (7.61) | 18.11 (7.63) | 74.09 (16.27) | 69.13 (17.50) |
Graduate or higher | 46 (12.4) | 36.39 (7.63) | 16.00 (8.46) | 78.36 (14.45) | 69.16 (18.20) |
Monthly income | |||||
≤3000 | 113 (30.5) | 38.42 (7.35) | 18.59 (8.50) | 74.41 (14.55) | 67.33 (17.24) |
>3000 | 258 (69.5) | 37.10 (7.48) | 17.56 (7.59) | 75.86 (15.52) | 69.29 (17.91) |
Sleep disturbance | |||||
No | 187 (50.4) | 35.70 (7.08) *** | 16.04 (7.89) *** | 77.73 (14.53) * | 72.26 (17.49) *** |
Moderate | 159 (42.9) | 39.16 (7.25) | 19.56 (7.30) | 73.17 (15.50) | 64.75 (17.11) |
Severe | 25 (6.7) | 40.44 (8.27) | 20.88 (8.37) | 72.40 (16.46) | 67.10 (18.20) |
Chronic disease | |||||
Yes | 201(54.2) | 38.69(7.33) ** | 18.69 (7.84) * | 73.35 (15.90) ** | 66.78 (17.26) * |
No | 166(44.7) | 36.23(7.36) | 17.03 (7.88) | 77.66 (14.14) | 70.86 (18.21) |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | 40.31 | 6.91 | ||||
2. Anxiety | 37.50 | 7.45 | 0.066 | |||
3. Depression | 17.88 | 7.88 | −0.018 | 0.721 ** | ||
4. PCS | 75.42 | 15.22 | 0.026 | −0.428 ** | −0.363 ** | |
5. MCS | 68.70 | 17.71 | 0.112 * | −0.470 ** | −0.508 ** | 0.675 ** |
3.2. Correlation between Study Variables and Effects of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms on HRQOL
Variable | Options | PCS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step1 (β) | Step2 (β) | Step3 (β) | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age | −0.002 | −0.001 | 0.027 | |
Marital status | ||||
(Single vs. Married/cohabitating) | −0.085 | −0.054 | −0.083 | |
(Divorced/other vs. Married/cohabitating) | 0.021 | 0.043 | 0.024 | |
Educational level | ||||
(Junior college or lower vs. Graduate or higher) | −0.040 | −0.032 | −0.051 | |
(Undergraduate vs. Graduate or higher) | −0.108 | −0.093 | −0.107 | |
Income | 0.042 | −0.004 | −0.036 | |
Sleep disturbance | ||||
(Moderate vs. No) | −0.117 * | −0.049 | −0.020 | |
(Severe vs. No) | −0.072 | −0.025 | −0.007 | |
Life events | (Yes vs. No) | −0.066 | −0.074 | −0.088 |
Chronic disease | (Yes vs. No ) | −0.134 * | −0.099 * | −0.068 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.331 *** | −0.085 | ||
Anxiety symptoms | −0.354 *** | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.034 * | 0.133 *** | 0.189 *** | |
ΔR2 | 0.061 | 0.098 | 0.056 |
Variable | Options | MCS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step1 (β) | Step2 (β) | Step3 (β) | ||
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age | 0.122 * | 0.123 * | 0.140 ** | |
Marital status | ||||
(Single vs. Married/cohabitating) | −0.036 | 0.009 | −0.009 | |
(Divorced/other vs. Married/cohabitating) | 0.006 | 0.039 | 0.027 | |
Educational level | ||||
(Junior college or lower vs. Graduate or higher) | −0.018 | −0.005 | −0.018 | |
(Undergraduate vs. Graduate or higher) | 0.040 | 0.061 | 0.052 | |
Income | 0.051 | −0.017 | −0.037 | |
Sleep disturbance | ||||
(Moderate vs. No) | −0.196 *** | −0.096 * | −0.078 | |
(Severe vs. No) | −0.081 | −0.012 | 0.000 | |
Life events | (Yes vs. No) | −0.062 | −0.074 | −0.083 |
Chronic disease | (Yes vs. No ) | −0.108 * | −0.057 | −0.037 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.485 *** | 0.330 *** | ||
Anxiety symptoms | −0.224 ** | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.056 ** | 0.271 *** | 0.292 *** | |
ΔR2 | 0.082 | 0.211 | 0.022 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lou, Z.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wang, L.; Yang, J. Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 10587-10601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910587
Lou Z, Li Y, Yang Y, Wang L, Yang J. Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(9):10587-10601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910587
Chicago/Turabian StyleLou, Zhe, Yinyan Li, Yilong Yang, Lie Wang, and Jun Yang. 2015. "Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 9: 10587-10601. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910587