Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles: Behavior towards Intact and Impaired Human Skin and Keratinocytes Toxicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Nanoparticles Characterization
2.3. Nanoparticles Dissolution
2.4. Preparation of Skin Membranes
2.5. In Vitro Diffusion System
2.5.1. Experiment 1
2.5.2. Experiment 2
2.5.3. Blanks
2.5.4. Skin Digestion after the Experiment
2.6. Analytical Measurements
2.6.1. Cell Tests
2.6.2. Cell Culture
2.6.3. MTT Assay
2.6.4. AlamarBlue® Assay
2.6.5. Propidium Iodide Uptake
2.7. Cell Fixation for TEM Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nanoparticles Characterization
Medium Specimen | Water | Synthetic Sweat T = 0 | Synthetic Sweat T = 24 h |
---|---|---|---|
Co3O4 | Mean: –19.8 +/− 1.15 mV | Mean: –18.5 +/− 3.5 mV | Mean: –15.9 +/− 4.2 mV |
3.2. NPs Skin Permeation
3.3. Effect of Co3O4NPs on Cell Viability
3.4. Effect of Co3O4NPs on Plasma Membrane Damage
3.5. Evaluation of Cellular Internalization of NPs Using Electron Microscopy Imaging
4. Discussion
Damaged Skin | Donor Suspension | Co3O4NPs (Peak 17 nm) 606 μg·cm−2 (445 μg·cm−2 as Cobalt) | CoNPs (Peak 80 nm) 1000 μg·cm−2 | Co3O4NPs Standardized Values 1000 μg·cm−2 | |||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | % | ||
Membrane (μg·cm−2) | 4.78 | 0.90 | 12.0 | 3.8 | 10.75 | 89.6% | |
Receiving Solution (ng·cm−2) | 47 | 41 | 1870 * | 860 | 106 | 5.6% | |
Flux (ng·cm−2·h−1) | 1.7 | 2.0 | 76 * | 49.3 | 3.82 | 5.0% |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mauro, M.; Crosera, M.; Pelin, M.; Florio, C.; Bellomo, F.; Adami, G.; Apostoli, P.; De Palma, G.; Bovenzi, M.; Campanini, M.; et al. Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles: Behavior towards Intact and Impaired Human Skin and Keratinocytes Toxicity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 8263-8280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708263
Mauro M, Crosera M, Pelin M, Florio C, Bellomo F, Adami G, Apostoli P, De Palma G, Bovenzi M, Campanini M, et al. Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles: Behavior towards Intact and Impaired Human Skin and Keratinocytes Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):8263-8280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708263
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro, Marcella, Matteo Crosera, Marco Pelin, Chiara Florio, Francesca Bellomo, Gianpiero Adami, Piero Apostoli, Giuseppe De Palma, Massimo Bovenzi, Marco Campanini, and et al. 2015. "Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles: Behavior towards Intact and Impaired Human Skin and Keratinocytes Toxicity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 8263-8280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708263