School Bonds and the Onset of Substance Use among Korean Youth: An Examination of Social Control Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Social Control Theory
1.2. Contribution and Hypothesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.2.3. Control Variables
2.3. Analysis Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
Variables | M (%) | SD | Range | n |
---|---|---|---|---|
School Factors | ||||
Teacher attachment | 2.46 | 0.82 | 1–5 | 3449 |
Educational aspiration | 3.89 | 0.89 | 0–5 | 3449 |
Extracurricular activity | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0–1 | 3449 |
Rule internalization | 4.14 | 1.03 | 1–5 | 3415 |
Youth Demographics | ||||
Male | 50% | 3449 | ||
Family Characteristics | ||||
Monthly family income (1,000,000 Korean won) | 2.99 | 2.14 | 0.05–35 | 3434 |
Parental education | ||||
Less than high school | 9% | 3413 | ||
High school | 45% | 3413 | ||
At least junior college | 45% | 3413 | ||
Family structure | ||||
Lives with both parents | 94% | 3444 | ||
Lives with father only | 2% | 3444 | ||
Lives with mother only | 3% | 3444 | ||
Lives with neither | 1% | 3444 |
School Bond Elements | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Teacher attachment | 1 | |||
(2) Educational aspiration | 0.117 | 1 | ||
(3) Club activity | 0.037 | 0.064 | 1 | |
(4) Rule internalization | 0.166 | 0.129 | 0.001 | 1 |
Age | Alcohol Drinking | Cigarette Smoking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Cumulative (%) | Frequency | Cumulative (%) | |
6 | 5 | 0.14 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 7 | 0.35 | 2 | 0.06 |
8 | 4 | 0.46 | 2 | 0.12 |
9 | 4 | 0.58 | 3 | 0.2 |
10 | 15 | 1.01 | 5 | 0.35 |
11 | 16 | 1.48 | 5 | 0.49 |
12 | 72 | 3.57 | 23 | 1.16 |
13 | 194 | 9.19 | 70 | 3.19 |
14 | 211 | 15.31 | 80 | 5.51 |
15 | 534 | 30.79 | 275 | 13.48 |
16 | 340 | 40.65 | 133 | 17.34 |
17 | 416 | 52.71 | 140 | 21.4 |
18 | 322 | 62.05 | 130 | 25.17 |
19 | 321 | 71.35 | 101 | 28.1 |
No experience up to 19 | 988 | - | 2480 | - |
3.2. Survival Analysis: Discrete-Time Logistic Regression
Variables | Alcohol Drinking | Cigarette Smoking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
Duration a | ||||
Age 16 | −0.143† | −0.052 | −0.599 *** | −0.508 *** |
(0.078) | (0.079) | (0.113) | (0.116) | |
Age 17 | 0.332 *** | 0.383 *** | −0.435 *** | −0.348 ** |
(0.075) | (0.076) | (0.111) | (0.115) | |
Age 18 | 0.298 *** | 0.368 *** | −0.510 *** | −0.434 *** |
(0.082) | (0.083) | (0.115) | (0.118) | |
Age 19 | 0.660 *** | 0.818 *** | −0.598 *** | −0.410 ** |
(0.084) | (0.086) | (0.124) | (0.127) | |
School elements | ||||
Teacher attachment | −0.198 *** | −0.130 ** | ||
(0.034) | (0.050) | |||
Educational aspiration | −0.125 *** | −0.275 *** | ||
(0.032) | (0.041) | |||
Club activity | 0.272 *** | 0.029 | ||
(0.061) | (0.090) | |||
Rule internalization | −0.208 *** | −0.415 *** | ||
(0.028) | (0.036) | |||
Controls | ||||
Male | 0.119 * | 0.674 *** | ||
(0.055) | (0.080) | |||
Monthly family income | 0.009 | 0.022 | ||
(0.015) | (0.020) | |||
Parent’s education | −0.068 ** | −0.011 | ||
(0.023) | (0.033) | |||
Lives with father only b | 0.485 * | 0.313 | ||
(0.193) | (0.246) | |||
Lives with mother only b | −0.119 | 0.393 * | ||
(0.143) | (0.184) | |||
No parents b | 0.043 | 0.856 * | ||
(0.507) | (0.414) | |||
Constant | −1.544 *** | 0.427 * | −2.412 *** | 0.147 |
(0.049) | (0.201) | (0.064) | (0.254) |
4. Discussion
4.1. Attachment/Teacher Attachment
4.2. Commitment/Educational Aspiration
4.3. Involvement/Extracurricular Activities
4.4. Belief/Rule Internalization
4.5. Other Covariates
4.6. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Work
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Han, Y.; Kim, H.; Ma, J. School Bonds and the Onset of Substance Use among Korean Youth: An Examination of Social Control Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2923-2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302923
Han Y, Kim H, Ma J. School Bonds and the Onset of Substance Use among Korean Youth: An Examination of Social Control Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):2923-2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302923
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Yoonsun, Heejoo Kim, and Julie Ma. 2015. "School Bonds and the Onset of Substance Use among Korean Youth: An Examination of Social Control Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 2923-2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302923