Association of Seasonal Climate Variability and Age-Specific Mortality in Northern Sweden before the Onset of Industrialization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Demographic Data
2.2. Meteorological Data
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Demographic Changes over Time
3.2. Climate
3.3. Association of Annual Climate Variability and Mortality
3.4. Association of Seasonal Climate Variability and Mortality
3.4.1. Season-Wise Models
Simple Season-Wise Model* RR (CI) | p-Value | Fully Adjusted Model** RR (CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Winter temperature | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.007 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.057 |
Winter precipitation | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.783 | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | 0.343 |
Spring temperature | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.005 | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.103 |
Spring precipitation | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.200 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.085 |
Summer temperature | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.692 | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | 0.300 |
Summer precipitation | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.050 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.294 |
Autumn temperature | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.674 | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 0.898 |
Autumn precipitation | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.120 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.036 |
3.4.2. Full Model Including All Seasons
3.5. Discussion
3.5.1. Strengths and Limitations
3.5.2. Future Studies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appendix
Reconstruction of Umeå Temperatures
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Rocklöv, J.; Edvinsson, S.; Arnqvist, P.; De Luna, S.S.; Schumann, B. Association of Seasonal Climate Variability and Age-Specific Mortality in Northern Sweden before the Onset of Industrialization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 6940-6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706940
Rocklöv J, Edvinsson S, Arnqvist P, De Luna SS, Schumann B. Association of Seasonal Climate Variability and Age-Specific Mortality in Northern Sweden before the Onset of Industrialization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(7):6940-6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706940
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocklöv, Joacim, Sören Edvinsson, Per Arnqvist, Sara Sjöstedt De Luna, and Barbara Schumann. 2014. "Association of Seasonal Climate Variability and Age-Specific Mortality in Northern Sweden before the Onset of Industrialization" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 7: 6940-6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706940