Perceived Stress Scores among Saudi Students Entering Universities: A Prospective Study during the First Year of University Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Design Questionnaire
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Anthropometrics
2.5. Biochemical Assessment
2.6. Data Analyses
2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|
N | 110 | 110 |
Gender (M/F) | 35/75 | |
Perceived Stress Score | 27.3 ± 5.0 | 27.3 ± 5.5 |
Sleep Quality (% Continuous) | 55.8 | |
Sleep Duration (Hours) | 7.3 ± 1.8 | |
Physical Activity (% Yes) | 52.6 | |
Age (years) | 19.1 ± 0.95 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 6.3 | 24.6 ± 6.8 |
Waist (cm) | 75.7 ± 17.6 | 78.8 ± 16.3 |
Hips (cm) | 99.7 ± 14.4 | 100.6 ± 15.4 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 116.3 ± 11.7 | 107.1 ± 11.1 *** |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.7 ± 6.8 | 69.3 ± 7.5 *** |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.67 | 4.7 ± 0.71 *** |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.02 ± 0.60 | 0.98 ± 0.47 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.93 | 3.5 ± 0.56 *** |
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.34 | 0.99 ± 0.20 *** |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 0.81 | 2.3 ± 0.56 * |
Cortisol (nmol/L) | 425.6 ± 19.0 | 420.0 ± 17.1 |
3. Results and Discussion
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2012 | 2011 | 2012 | |
Perceived Stress Score | 27.6 ± 5.4 | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 27.2 ± 4.8 | 27.8 ± 5.9 |
N | 35 | 35 | 75 | 75 |
Age (years) | 18.8 ± 0.75 | 19.7 ± 1.0 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 5.8 | 25.8 ± 6.3 | 24.0 ± 6.5 | 24.3 ± 6.3 |
Waist (cm) | 81.6 ± 18.4 | 87.6 ± 18.4 * | 74.7 ± 12.2 | 73.4 ± 11.2 |
Hips (cm) | 99.9 ± 17.9 | 103.6 ± 19.1 | 99.6 ± 12.2 | 99.1 ± 12.9 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 112.3 ± 10.3 | 109.6 ± 10.1 | 117.3 ± 11.7 | 106.3 ± 11.1 ** |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 6.1 | 70.3 ± 6.5 | 74.1 ± 6.8 | 68.5 ± 7.5 ** |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.94 | 5.2 ± 0.74 * | 4.9 ± 0.43 | 4.3 ± 0.42 ** |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.66 | 1.2 ± 0.48 | 0.91 ± 0.54 | 0.86 ± 0.43 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 0.63 ** | 4.3 ± 0.74 | 3.4 ± 0.51 ** |
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.30 | 0.93 ± 0.18 * | 1.4 ± 0.31 | 1.0 ± 0.20 ** |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.95 | 2.4 ± 0.61 ** | 2.8 ± 0.73 | 2.3 ± 0.53 ** |
Cortisol (nmol/L) | 383.3 ± 16.8 | 418.6 ± 22.0 | 485.3 ± 18.5 | 421.0 ± 17.6 |
Parameter | Baseline | 1 year Follow-Up |
---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.06 | −0.12 |
Waist (cm) | −0.13 | 0.07 |
Hips (cm) | −0.10 | −0.18 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.06 | −0.008 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.07 | 0.29 ** |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.006 | 0.24 * |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.02 | 0.18 |
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.05 | −0.07 |
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.06 | 0.20 * |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al-Daghri, N.M.; Al-Othman, A.; Albanyan, A.; Al-Attas, O.S.; Alokail, M.S.; Sabico, S.; Chrousos, G.P. Perceived Stress Scores among Saudi Students Entering Universities: A Prospective Study during the First Year of University Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 3972-3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110403972
Al-Daghri NM, Al-Othman A, Albanyan A, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Sabico S, Chrousos GP. Perceived Stress Scores among Saudi Students Entering Universities: A Prospective Study during the First Year of University Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(4):3972-3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110403972
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Daghri, Nasser M., Abdulaziz Al-Othman, Abdulmajeed Albanyan, Omar S. Al-Attas, Majed S. Alokail, Shaun Sabico, and George P. Chrousos. 2014. "Perceived Stress Scores among Saudi Students Entering Universities: A Prospective Study during the First Year of University Life" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 4: 3972-3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110403972