Intrahippocampal Infusion of Crotamine Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Alters Plasma and Brain Biochemical Parameters †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Drugs
2.3. Surgery and Drug Infusion Procedures
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Blood Hematological and Cardiac Parameters | Saline-Group | Crotamine-Group | |
---|---|---|---|
24 h | 21 Days | ||
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.58 ± 6 × 10−3 | 0.57 ± 5 × 10−3 | 0.83 ± 0.01 #,* |
Urea (mg/dL) | 45.50 ± 0.89 | 52.75 ± 1.26 * | 34.29 ± 0.30 #,* |
GOT (U/L) | 120.00 ± 0.56 | 142.00 ± 2.22 * | 266.10 ± 3.32 #,* |
GPT (U/L) | 73.25 ± 0.98 | 82.75 ± 2.75 * | 94.43 ± 1.11 #,* |
CK (U/L) | 806.30 ± 4.69 | 947.00 ± 15.71 * | 15 × 102 ± 12.62 #,* |
CK-MB (U/L) | 22 × 102 ± 19.11 | 23 × 102 ± 49.86 | 24 × 102 ± 0.06 |
Red Blood Cells (106/µL) | 7.21 ± 0.01 | 6.66 ± 0.04 * | 7.84 ± 0.31 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.58 ± 0.11 | 13.10 ± 0.16 | 13.40 ± 0.25 |
Hematocrit (%) | 40.88 ± 0.18 | 38.60 ± 0.57 * | 37.76 ± 0.50 * |
Leukocytes (103/µL) | 58 × 102 ± 57.90 | 45 × 102 ± 56.41* | 93 × 102 ± 253.10 #,* |
Platelets (103/µL) | 44 × 104 ± 20 × 102 | 53 × 104 ± 32 × 102 * | 89 × 104 ± 16 × 102 #,* |
Plasma and Brain Oxidative Parameters | Saline-Group | Crotamine-Group | |
---|---|---|---|
24 h | 21 Days | ||
TBARS Plasma (nmol MDA/L) | 27.43 ± 0.27 | 27.43 ± 0.92 | 50.51 ± 1.37 #,* |
TBARS Brain (nmol MDA/L) | 96.13 ± 1.32 | 97.73 ± 3.62 | 143.30 ± 4.34 #,* |
Carbonyl Plasma (nmol carbonyl/mg protein) | 0.01 ± 2 × 10−4 | 0.01 ± 4 × 10−4 | 0.02 ± 6 × 10−4 #,* |
Carbonyl Brain (nmol carbonyl/mg protein) | 0.01 ± 3 × 10−4 | 0.01 ± 5 × 10−4 | 0.02 ± 7 × 10−4 #,* |
Micronucleus (% frequency) | 0.75 ± 0.13 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 1.87 ± 0.19 #,* |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gonçalves, R.; Vargas, L.S.; Lara, M.V.S.; Güllich, A.; Mandredini, V.; Ponce-Soto, L.; Marangoni, S.; Belo, C.A.D.; Mello-Carpes, P.B. Intrahippocampal Infusion of Crotamine Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Alters Plasma and Brain Biochemical Parameters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11438-11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111438
Gonçalves R, Vargas LS, Lara MVS, Güllich A, Mandredini V, Ponce-Soto L, Marangoni S, Belo CAD, Mello-Carpes PB. Intrahippocampal Infusion of Crotamine Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Alters Plasma and Brain Biochemical Parameters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11438-11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111438
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonçalves, Rithiele, Liane S. Vargas, Marcus V. S. Lara, Angélica Güllich, Vanusa Mandredini, Luis Ponce-Soto, Sergio Marangoni, Cháriston A. Dal Belo, and Pâmela B. Mello-Carpes. 2014. "Intrahippocampal Infusion of Crotamine Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus Alters Plasma and Brain Biochemical Parameters" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11438-11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111438